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Astronomy Notes Part 1 Image From: http://www.astronomy-pictures.net/spiral_galaxy.jpg; Scale model ! ! Scale model Size of the planets compared to the Sun Scale model ! The Inner Planets and our moon (The Terrestrial Planets) Scale model ! The Outer Planets compared to the Inner Planets (The Gas Giants) Click: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEheh1BH34Q 1 of 11 Stars • An object made of gas that gives off energy – mainly hydrogen – helium The Sun • • • • medium in size & life span compared to other stars primary energy source for all processes on Earth much closer to Earth than any other star! about 4 ½ billion years old H-R Diagram: Shows the relationship between color, temperature, magnitude & size of stars. Click for Life Cycle of Stars BrainPOP: http://www.brainpop.com/science/space/lifecycleofstars/ Magnitude • Color = temperature • Magnitude = how bright • Our Sun is a main sequence star. Click for Life Cycle of Stars Animation: http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/star_life/support/HR_animated_real.html 2 of 11 Black Dwarf Nebula 1. Large cloud of gas & dust where stars form. 2. Gravity pulls 4. Outer layers 5. Collapses material into a come off sphere that to just its 3. Expands becomes core dense, hot Explodes! & ignites. 3 of 11 4 of 11 Galaxy • A large grouping of stars in space. • 3 types 1. Spiral – bulge in center & distinctive spiral arms • • Example: Our galaxy, The Milky Way Our solar system is located within an arm 2. Elliptical – spherical or elongated 3. Irregular 1 2 3 Our Solar System 5 of 11 Terrestrial Planet: a rocky, INNER planet Mercury • closest to the sun • no atmosphere • full of craters • very hot during day; freezing cold at night Venus • Similar in size to Earth • Hot, thick & poisonous atmosphere Earth – home! Mars • known as the “red planet” because of its ironrich soil 6 of 11 Gas Giant: large, OUTER planet that is made mostly of gases Jupiter • largest planet • known for its storm, “The Great Red Spot” Saturn • known for its ring system Uranus • known for blue-green atmosphere Neptune • blue-green atmosphere like Uranus • Also has a storm, “The Great Dark Spot” Moon 7 of 11 • A natural satellite of a planet. • The outer planets have many of them! Image From: http://sos.noaa.gov/images/Solar_System/moon.jpg; Definition: www.thefreedictionary.com Other Rocky Bodies... Asteroids • asteroid belt between Mars & Jupiter • small, rocky body that revolves around the Sun Meteoroids – in space (like asteroids), but usually smaller Meteors – (meteor shower); a bright streak of light caused by the rock burning as it streaks through the atmosphere Meteorites – piece of rock that has landed on Earth without completely burning up, possibly making a crater Comet – a body of ice, rock and dust that forms a tail as it gets close to the Sun 8 of 11 Light Year A measure of how long it takes light to travel through space in one year. Image From: http://uniqhorns.com/images/milkyway.gif; Definition: www.thefreedictionary.com 9 of 11 10 of 11 Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of all the waves that can travel through matter as well as empty space. R O Y G B I V Scientists use different portions of the spectrum to learn about the universe. Ex: light waves can tell us what elements stars are made & if they are moving away or towards other objects. Image From: http://www.lcse.umn.edu/specs/labs/images/spectrum.gif Definition: www.thefreedictionary.com Theories on the Origin of the Universe 1. Steady State – has always been the same 2. Oscillating Model - began by expanding, has slowed down & is now contracting 3. Big Bang - *the dominant theory • 12 to 15 billion years ago • Universe began as a dense point that exploded • It rapidly expanded & began to cool down, forming stars, etc. • Evidence discovery of cosmic background radiation red shift in EM spectrum suggest it is still expanding Click for Big Bang BrainPOP: http://www.brainpop.com/science/space/bigbang/ 11 of 11 Astronomy Notes Part 2 Lunar Cycle Full moon: all of surface facing Earth is illuminated (= lit) by the Sun New moon: moon is between Earth & Sun, so lit portion is facing away from Earth Waxing moon: lit portion “growing” Waning moon: lit portion “decreasing” Gibbous moon: larger than ½ Crescent moon: smaller than ½ Can you I.D. these phases? - Where is the sun in this diagram? Rotation vs. Revolution Rotation: • spin of object on its axis • rotates counter-clockwise = west to east = why sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west • for Earth = 24 hrs. =1 day • responsible for day vs. night Revolution: • also called an orbit • path of one object around another • Earth around sun ≈ 365 days = 1 year • moon around Earth ≈ 1 month The Earth is tilted on its axis by 23.5.° As a result, the hemisphere that is tilted toward the sun receives more direct sunlight = more heat. • causes longer daylight hours • hotter temperatures = summer! The hemisphere tilted away from the sun experiences winter. The TILT is the reason for seasons! For the Northern Hemisphere! = least daylight hours = most daylight hours = Equal hours of day and night Tides Tide = daily rise & fall in ocean water level • high and low tides occur twice daily • high tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon & sun, causing the ocean water to “bulge” away from the Earth • the moon has a greater impact because it is closer High tide occurs on the side facing the moon, but it also occurs on the opposite side. This is because the moon is also pulling the Earth away from the water on the other side. Low Tide Tidal bulge High Tide High Tide Low Tide Gravitational pull of the moon moon and sun pull together = largest tides moon and sun pull against each other = weakest tides