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Renaissance & Discovery Chapter 10 AP EURO Ms. Callejas-Centeno Free Response Essay #1 Analyze the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use at least 3 specific works to support your analysis (2004) What is the Renaissance? An age of Recovery A transition from Medieval to Early Modern “Re-birth” of Art & Culture Began in Italy, Spread throughout Europe The Renaissance Began In… Florence, Italy 1375-1527 Italian City - States Independent Principalities: 1. Milan 2. Papal States 3. Kingdom of Naples 4. Venice 5. Florence 6. Genoa Urban Centers By the 1300’s Florence, Venice, and Milan all had populations of 100,000 people Location! Location! Location! Geography gave Italian city states: Cultural / Commercial advantage International trade 13th-14th Centuries: Trade rich cities became wealthy “city states” Why Florence, Italy? 1. Textile Industry Florentine Luxury cloth traded throughout Europe & Asia Employed 30,000 workers Why Florence, Italy? 2. Agriculture In River valleys of Tuscany & Lombardy Production of grains, wine, vegetables Agricultural surplus Why Florence, Italy? 3. Geographic Location Proximity to Mediterranean trade routes/International trade Most prosperous & Wealthy City State 5th largest city in Europe by mid 1350’s The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… 1. A Revival of Classical Antiquity Re-discovery of Greek & Roman art, culture, Literature The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… 2. Individualism- A Revived Emphasis On Individual Ability L’uomo Universale “Universal Person” Capable of achievements in many areas of his life “well rounded education” “A celebration of the individual” The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… 3. Secularismthe secular world (not associated with religion) gained importance The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… 4. Humanism An Intellectual Movement based on the study of the classical works of ancient Greece & Rome That advocated Studia Humanitatis (Liberal Studies) Francesco Petrarch <-<(1304-1374) -“Father of Humanism” Humanists Believed In… A Well rounded liberal arts education Studia Humanitas – grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, history, poetry Secular occupations CH10 SOCIAL CLASS, POWER & POLITICS IN FLORENCE Social Classes 1. Grandi – “old rich” nobles & merchants 2. Popolo Grosso – “fat people” newly rich merchant class (bankers, capitalists) 5% of population Social Classes 3. Middle Burgher/Mediocri – shop owners, professionals, guild masters, artisans 4. Popolo minuto – “little people” lower economic classes Maintaining Power & Social Status Marriage = alliance of powerful, wealthy families Marriages reinforced status & power See Document 2.1: “Marriage Negotiations: The Strozzi, 1464-65” Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 Artist: Piero della Francesca Federico da Montefeltro & his 2nd wife, Battista Marriage: he was 35, she 13 Had 7 daughters She died at 26 at the birth of 7th child. Florentine Politics 1378 Ciompi Revolt (“the wooden shoes”) Peasants “Popolo minuto “ rebelled against the upper classes Lower classes ruled Florence 4 years until… Cosimo de’ Medici Gained control of Florence (1434) Despot – ruled with absolute power Medici family also known as the “Merchant Princes” Medici Family Background Gained wealth: 1. Manufacture & commerce of textiles 2. Banking 3. Official Bankers of Catholic Church “Climb “ to the Top Medici Family used bribery, corruption, intimidation to gain power Manipulated elections Signoria – council of 8 “rule” Loyal to Medici “Amici Degli Amici” Friends of the de’ Medici: Networking: “Friends of Friends” Enemies of the de’ Medici: Brutta Figura –intimidation tactic Public humiliation Patrons of the Arts Cosimo de’ Medici Sponsored artists to produce great works: Medici Library Fillipo Brunnelleschi (architect) Donatello (artist) Cosimo’s Grandson Lorenzo “the Magnificent” (r. 14781492) Paid artists to beautify city Medici “godfathers of the Renaissance” Niccolo Machiavelli Wrote The Prince (1513) Dedicated to Lorenzo the Magnificent’s grandson A manual on how to be an effective ruler, or political satire? The Prince Or written for the express purpose of getting a job in the Medici government? “If you cannot be both loved and feared, then it is better to be feared than loved. “ “Machiavellian” A term that is used to describe a ruthless ruler. Baldassare Castiglioni Wrote: The Book of the Courtier (1528 ) A “handbook” for European aristocrats Depicts social “do’s & dont’s” for nobles Castiglione’s “Perfect Courtier” Should … 1. Possess Impeccable character, grace, & noble birth 2. Cultivate achievements –not hide accomplishments, but be modest. 3. Have a Classical Education- arts, music ,etc. 4. Participate in the Military – Serve Prince w/ loyalty, honesty Castiglione’s “Perfect Court Lady” Should… 1. Be attractive 2. Be well educated, able to paint, dance, and play a musical instrument 3. Not participate in political, artistic, or literary affairs (discussions) 4. Be an “ornament” to her upper class husband Portrait of a Lady, 1475 Christine de Pisan (1364-1430) Wrote: The Treasure of the City of Ladies (1405) a history of women designed to refute men’s myths about females As male scholars debated women’s role in society Christine de Pizan “Not all men (and especially the wisest) share the opinion that it is bad for women to be educated. But it is very true that many foolish men have claimed this because it displeased them that women knew more than they did.” ― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies, 1405 Civic Humanism 15th century Duty of an intellectual to devote life to Public Service (politics) Reflected values of urban society CH10 RENAISSANCE ART Describe the Differences… Medieval Art Renaissance Art Renaissance Art = Social & Political Status 1. Art communicated social, political & spiritual values (individualism, humanism, respect for the classics) 2. Patrons of Art Used art to display wealth, power Funded artists as a way to promote own fame Giotto (1266-1337) Father of Renaissance painting From Florence Tried to imitate nature (Realistic portrayal) Adoration of the Magi, 14th cent. Masaccio (1401-1428) Brancacci Chapel painted Frescoes 1st masterpiece of Renaissance art Masaccio (1401-1428) Characteristics of Renaissance Art 1. Realistic Figures, 3-D 2. Has Depth & Perspective 3. Emotion & Expression 4. Geometrical / mathematical concepts/ Pyramid configuration 5. Artists gained recognition & fame Renaissance Techniques Chiaroscuro – use of shadows & highlights Quattrocento (1400’s) Collective Name for Cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) Primavera Obvious interest in Greek & Roman Mythology Sandro Boticelli, Primavera 1482 Donatello (1386-1466) Studied statues of antiquity David, 1428 1st life size, bronze nude in European art since antiquity Filippo Brunelleschi architect Designed il duomo Dome Cathedral of Florence built 14201436 Inspired by: Roman architecture Leon Battista Alberti Architect Designed West façade of Sant’ Andrea Inspired by classical temples Piero della Francesca 1410-1492 Duke & Duchess of Urbino Human individuality in portraiture Power, wealth, status of Duke & Duchess High Renaissance Art Flourished between 1480-1520 Cinquecento = 16th century Shift to Rome as important cultural center 3 Artistic Giants: 1.Leonardo Da Vinci 2.Raphael 3. Michaelangelo 1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) “Renaissance Man” L’uomo Universale 1. Artist/Sculptor 2. Scientist/Mathematician 3. Engineer/Architect 4. Inventor 5. Anatomist Leonardo da Vinci, Inventor 1. Leonardo da Vinci, Artist Mona Lisa, painted 1503-1506 Musee du Louvre, Paris The Last Supper Organization of space, use of perspective Video Music Review: Leonardo Da Vinci http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mW_gp 7SDgQM 2. Raphael (1483-1520) School of Athens (1510) Imaginary gathering of ancient philosophers Plato & Aristotle at center Painted his contemporaries as philosophical figures Balance, harmony, order, unity, symmetry 2. Raphael School of Athens Raphael’s School of Athens 3. Michelangelo “Il Divino” 1475-1564 Influenced by NeoPlatonism & the depiction of: Beauty of human body, glory of human beings Beauty of figure= divine beauty La Pieta David (1504) marble, 14 ft tall Michelangelo's David Contrapposto – stiff right leg/relaxed left leg (reminiscent of classical sculptures) 3. Michelangelo “Il Divino” Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome 1508 And asked him to paint ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo reluctantly agreed Sistine Chapel (1508-1512) 9 scenes from the book of Genesis Review: Intellectual Concepts During the Renaissance 1. Humanism is an attitude towards life & learning Features of Humanism: Individualism (focus on the individual) Virtu- the ability to make an impact in one’s chosen field of Endeavour. Secularism- people and objects in the world are important Therefore, An Ideal “Renaissance Man” Is.. 1. Well educated (studia humanitas) 2. Has “Virtu “ (overachiever) 3. Self Confident Individual 4. Inspired by the “Classics” 5. Religious, but sees beauty in the secular (non-religious) Historian Jacob Burckhardt Argued (1860) that the revival of ancient learning in 14th &15th century Italy gave rise to new secular and scientific values. Video Music Review: “Renaissance Man” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CRX_ mqpzdU THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE The Ideas of the Italian Renaissance Spread to Northern Europe… Northern Renaissance Flanders in the 1400’s (“Low Countries” ) included: Modern day Northern France, Belgium, & the Netherlands Johannes Gutenberg Invented 1st printing press with movable type 1st book printed: Gutenberg Bible (1456) Mainz, Germany Impact of Printing Press 1. Widespread literacy 2. Communication – spread of ideas , views, news 3. New jobs- Printing industry emerged 4. Books became accessible to all 5. Language – books printed in the vernacular (common languages) Art in the Low Countries/ Flanders Flemish artists: Influenced by Italian Renaissance Painted: 1. scenes of daily life 2. Portraits 3. Landscapes 4. Religious Themes 5. Used oil paints Jan Van Eyck Example of Northern Renaissance art: 1434, The Arnolfini Wedding Every Detail Is Symbolic!! Why is Giavanni not wearing shoes? Why does Giovanna look pregnant? Why does the chandelier have only 1 candle? Why is there a dog in the portrait?? Why oranges? The details MirrorStations of the cross Wedding couple & 2 others “Jan Van Eyck was here, 1434” The Details… 1 candle – a marriage candle? Or the eye of God? Dog = fidelity ; fid; fido The details… Oranges- wealth; status symbol The couple never had children. Dress symbolizes fertility The Arnolfini Wedding- Details Albrecht Durer German artist 1471-1528 known for self portraits Pieter Brueghel, the Elder 1525-1569 Painted scenes from everyday life Peasant Wedding, 1568 Children’s Games, 1560 Brueghel Children’s Games, 1560 Brueghel Northern Humanism 1. Desiderius Erasmus Classical ideals + Civic humanism + Christian ideals of love and piety Philosophia Christi = ethical piety in imitation of Christ Northern Humanism 2. Sir Thomas Moore English Wrote: Utopia (1516) Imaginary society based on reason, tolerance. APEURO10 REVIVAL OF THE MONARCHY The Emergence of Nations Shift from divided feudal monarchies to unified national monarchies Shift to Monarchies Due to… 1. Alliance Between King & Town Townspeople (not nobles or clergy) worked in royal offices Bookkeepers, lawyers, military leaders, etc. Shift to Monarchies Due to… 2. Taxes, War, Laws Became “national”, rather than “regional” Taxes as a source of national income Shift to Monarchies Due to… 3. Monarchies began to build national armies in the 15th century Mercenary soldiers recruited from Germany & Switzerland for “king’s army” Shift to National Monarchy Case Study: Spain Isabella of Castile & Leon Married Ferdinand of Aragon 1469 Together They : 1. Secured borders 2. Expanded territories 3. Christianized Spain “Los Reyes Católicos” Spanish Unification & Expansion 1. 1481-1492 Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand’s army conquered Muslim Moors Kingdom of Granada (Southern Spain) Muslims exiled or forced to convert (“moriscos”) “Mediterranean Diaspora”: Jews exiled as well Converted Jews - “conversos” Spanish Unification & Expansion 2. 1492 Isabella & Ferdinand funded Columbus’ voyage 1521 Aztec empire fell to Spain (Hernán Cortes) 1532 Inca empire fell to Spain (Francisco Pizarro) Nueva España Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters Marriage = Political Alliance!! 1. Juana (1479-1555) married to Phillip the Handsome (of Austria) Outspoken, jealous, “madly in love” with Felipe Felipe el Hermoso (Phillip the Handsome) Juana’s Tumultuous Life Phillip grew tired of Juana… Queen Isabella died 1504 and Her father wanted Juana’s inheritance ! Betrayed by Phillip the handsome and & her father King Ferdinand!! Phillip died mysteriously @ 28 “Juana La Loca” Was Betrayed by: Her Father!! King Ferdinand! Juana declared insane, “unfit” to rule Locked in tower castle of Tordesillas 15071555 She never saw her 6 children again Juana’s Tumultuous Life Joanna “the Mad” & Phillip the Handsome had 6 children The most famous, Charles V (Carlos V) Holy Roman Empire Emperor Charles V (1500-1558) Son of Juana la Loca & Phillip the Handsome Inherited Kingdoms of: Spain, Nueva España, Austria, Naples and all Habsburg lands (Germany & Italy) ! Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters 2. Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536) was married @ 16 to Arthur of England (Henry VII’s Son) He died 6 months after wedding (1501) Why Spoil the Alliance? Catherine of Aragon was then married off to Arthur’s brother… King Henry VIII ! She was wife #1 (out of six) Daughter -Mary I (“bloody Mary”) Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters 3. Princess Isabella (jr.) Married off to Prince Alfonso of Portugal 1490 He died 1491 -Thrown off a horse Princess Isabella was so saddened by his death, she… Begged her parents to send her to A convent! Why Spoil the Alliance? 6 years later (1496) Parents married her off to Alfonso’s brother, Manuel I of Portugal She died giving birth in 1500 The World as they knew it changed… VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY The World After 1492 Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Agreement between Spain & Portugal To divide territories in new world West of line: Spain East of Line : Portugal Hernán Cortes Defeated the Mexica Empire (Aztec) in 1521 And claimed the land for Spain Francisco Pizarro Defeated the Inca Empire in 1533 And claimed the territory for Spain Spanish Empire by 1600 Life in New Spain Bartholome de las Casas – Dominican Priest “Conquest not necessary for conversion” “Black Legend” – Spanish treatment of Native Americans inhumane Life in New Spain - Colonial Economy 1. Mining 2. Agriculture 3. Shipping Exploitation of indigenous labor African slaves also introduced Life in New Spain-Social Pyramid -“Castas” 1. Peninsulares – Born in Spain 2. Criollos – European parents, born in new world 3. Mestizos – ½ Spanish, ½ Native American 4. Mulatos – ½ African, ½ Spanish 5. Africans 6. Native Americans The Legacy of Ferdinand & Isabella New Spain Unified Spain and created a Spanish empire Territories in Mexico, Central America, South America AND the American Southwest Remained “Spanish” until the Independence movements 1810-1821