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Chapter 14: The Latin West 1200-1500 Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance Rural Life & New Farming Technologies ► 1200 AD most were peasants bound to the land ► Population doubled agricultural techniques climate change ► windmills ► waterwheels ► deforestation Famines & Black Death ► ► ► ► Around 1250 crop yields decreased-possibly because of population pressure decrease in human resistance to disease by 1348 Bubonic Plague-Black Death-overwhelmed Europe in 1348 social , political, economic, etc. impact Impact of Plague on Europe ► ► Europeans had little resistance Ravaged Europe for 2-3 yearsreturned periodically devastating the population Impact of the Plague Fewer workers so labor more valuable Peasants demanded higher wages Oversupply of goods: became less expensive Serfdom ended as demand for labor rose Impact of the Plague Living standards improved less time to learn a craft Nobles died ► less opposition to king Religion and learning flourish Technology advanced ► mining ► metallurgy ► Water mills Impact of Black Death: Social Rebellion rebellions against wealthy nobles & churchmen who tried to freeze wages ► Large gap between rich and poor ► Population declined but per capita production rose ► Growth of Trade ► ► ► Great Urban revival, fueled by end of the Crusades & workers leaving manors Italian cities in north become rich & powerful through trade; Genoa, Venice, Milan Hanseatic League- group of cities in Northern Europe united for trade influence & prices Urban Revival ► ► ► ► Flanders commercial center for wool imports & cloth manufacturing England, Florence, and Italy textiles Trade fairs evolve into cities Trade increased under Mongol expansion Urban Revival ► ► ► ► ► Venice dominates trade Some European cities were city-states were independent from nobles& kings traded more freely than Asian or Middle Eastern cities Bringing cities under the control of King sometimes required force-(Paris) Guilds- craft specialists who regulated craft rules and prices to protect their interests Urban Revival Rise of Merchant & Banking Class ► ► big business required loans, money changing, & investments Florence banking services checking accounts Shareholding bookkeeping European Renaissance ► ► ► ► ► Large banking families appear Medici family of Florence operated banks in Italy, Flanders, London handled affairs for nobles, kings, the Church Church prohibited usury Usury loaning money at high interest rates European Jews Jews able to escape poverty by becoming moneylenders ► Christians worked around the rules to make money directly ► Europe’s largest population of Jews lived in Spain Persecution existed in most of Europe except in the papal city of Rome ► European Renaissance ► Wealthy families able to fund art & architecture ► Gained status for themselves & city Universities ► ► ► ► Prior to 1200, monasteries were primary centers or learning After 1200, colleges & universities were created & supported by Church taught medicine, law, theology Theology-study of nature of God & religious truth Scholasticism ► ► ► Theology was primary subject-brought together Greek philosophy, notably Aristotle, & Christian faith mixing of these called Scholasticism Most notable written work wasSumma Theologica, by Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican priest Kings Consolidate Power ► Kings sought to become stronger & centralize power ► Kings weak Little or no treasury funds Powerful nobles Independent towns & cities Powerful Church England ► 1215 AD, King John I of England forced to sign Magna Carta Trial by jury of peers nobles could petition the king became Parliament No taxation without consent of nobles exception to the pattern of strong monarchs France ► ► In France, Philip the Fair arrests Pope-installs his own pope at Avignon In general, Kings sought to increase power by: Marrying into noble families Taxing peasants Appointing their own bishops and clergy (lay investiture) Hundred Years War: 1337-1453 End of feudalistic patterngradual severance of England from France ► Although England lost, both monarchies emerged stronger ► Joan of Arc helped France ► New weapons-longbow, gunpowder (cannons) ► End of feudalism ► New Monarchies in France & England Stronger central governments English language became dominant in English court National boundaries New tax system Strong connections to middle class and merchant class instead of nobles and church European Renaissance ► ► ► ► Strong governments on Iberian Peninsula too: Spain and Portugal emerge as nations after forcing the Muslims out of Iberia after 700 years The Reconquista In 1492, Spain and Portugal also expelled all Jews who would not convert to Christianity European Renaissance ► By the 1300’s a new emphasis on learning began that expanded upon the learning of universities and scholasticism ► A new emphasis on understanding humans as well as God became the idea of “Humanism” ► Humanism is the study of man and his world. Today it is known as humanities, such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, literature (the classics), religion. European Renaissance ► Early Humanist writers referred to works long kept secured by monasteries during the Dark Ages ► Dante Alighieri-Italy-1265-1321-wrote the Divine Comedy: journey through 9 layers of Hell and the entrance to Paradise using Greco-Roman classical themes, imagery. ► Made accessible through his use of the vernacular form of Tuscany European Renaissance ► Geoffrey Chaucer-England-1340-1400: Wrote the Canterbury Tales: everyday life in medieval England, in vernacular. ► Other Humanists writers: ► Machiavelli: wrote The Prince; a political handbook for political leaders. Premise: the ends justifies the means ► Thomas More: Utopia; perfect society of the future ► Erasmus: Dutch writer of religious reform: wrote In Praise of Folly European Renaissance ► Petrarch: Italian poet of love poetry ► Castiglione: wrote The Courtier; how to succeed at the royal court ► Boccaccio: wrote The Decameron; collection of short stories about Italian nobles. Produced a version of the New Testament in Greek ► Humanists sought a return to original Greek and Roman texts. Pope Nicholas creates the Vatican library by buying authentic Greek and Roman translations of classic texts. ► Emphasis on authenticity European Renaissance ► William Shakespeare: English playwright ► Christopher Marlowe: English playwright European Renaissance ► Humanism helps create a new era after Middle Ages called the Renaissance ► Renaissance = Rebirth of learning & culture ► Return to classical roots and sources of literature and art ► Universities developed in Bologne and Paris which incorporated the works of Aristotle which were saved by Muslims ► Monarchs, church and merchants all wanted this rebirth of learning European Renaissance ► Why did Europe grow in power & wealth? ► Education European Renaissance ► Botticelli ► Michelangelo Buonarroti ► Leonardo Da Vinci ► Raphael ► Titian ► Giotto ► Jan Van Eyck European Renaissance ► Favorite themes of artists and patrons during the Renaissance were religious ► Combined with authenticity of Humanism, religious subjects were presented in a more realistic style. European Renaissance European Renaissance European Renaissance ► All presented a sense of realism and naturalism to create what modern society would call “photographic perfect” ► Ideas were transmitted quickly throughout Europe by means of the printing press of Johan Gutenberg-it used moveable type ► Craft guilds in various cities competed in quality and innovation created competitions though they discouraged European Renaissance ► The Renaissance had an economic base as cities expanded and developed architectural pride ► Craft guilds in various cities competed in quality and innovation but stifled competition within their own cities ► Rural areas offered different opportunities but could not compete with the economic and social attractions of the city