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World History Chapter 17
Notes
European Renaissance and
Reformation, 1300–1600
Two movements, the Renaissance and the
Reformation, usher in dramatic social and
cultural changes in Europe.
Section 1
.
Italy: Birthplace of
the Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning
that produces many great works of art and literature
The Renaissance (1350 –
1600)
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Europeans experienced a cultural
awakening
The beginning of Modern times
The Renaissance (1350 –
1600)

Began in the city-states of Italy
–
It had avoided the economic
troubles of the Middle Ages
- Italian towns remained as
centers of Mediterranean trade
- Remained attached to the
classics
- Had close contact with the
Byzantine Empire
- Scholars moved to Rome
following after the fall of
Constantinople in 1453
- Scholars had preserved the
learning of ancient Greeks)
Humanism
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Italian scholars improved their understanding of Greek and Latin
- Studied old manuscripts and copied the classical writing style
Led to a movement known as humanism
- Focused on secular or worldly themes rather than on religious ideas
Humanist accepted classical beliefs and wanted to use them to
renew their own society
- Individualism – emphasized on the dignity and worth of the
individual person
- Human improvement – people should develop their talents through
activities such as politics, sports, and arts
Humanist believed that education could help people improve
themselves
- Opened schools that taught the humanities
- Humanist began replacing clergy as teachers of the sons of the
wealthy
Humanism

Humanism inspired new forms
of literature
- Written in vernacular and
focused on personal feelings
- Francesco Petrarch wrote
sonnets expressing his love for
a woman who had died
- Writers focused on topics of
individual ambition and success
- Niccolo Machiavelli –
wrote the Prince (realistically
analyzed the politics of
Renaissance Italy that
appealed to power-hungry
rulers)
Humanism
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Scholars began challenging
long accepted traditions,
assumptions, and institutions
New discoveries validated the
desire to challenge and
question everything (even
church traditions)
- Lorenzo Valla - discovered
that a document that provided
the legal basis for the pope’s
supremacy over kings was
actually a forgery
Humanist reawakened the
educated public to classical
values
City Life
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Town life was stronger in Italy
- Italians could discard feudalism
- Didn’t become as unified as France or England
- Communities resisted the efforts of emperors or kings (became
independent city-states)
City-states created a new social order in which wealth and ability
were more important than aristocratic titles and land ownership
- Merchants and bankers replaced landed nobility as the most
powerful social and political group
- Artisans formed a fairly prosperous middle class
- Majority of the people were poor workers who came to the urban
areas from the country side and were employed by the artisans
- Peasants who worked on the countryside estates of the wealthy
were at the bottom of the social order
Government


Italy consisted of individual city-states during the
Renaissance
- Each one was ruled by wealthy families who had
prospered in commercial trading or banking
Workers often rebelled against the upper class
(suppressed)
- 1400 - Social conflicts caused many city-states to
turn over all political authority to a single powerful
leader (Signori)
- Some signori ruled as dictators and used force to
maintain control
Government

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
City–states fought with each other to settle
disputes
Military service interfered with trade and
banking
- Signori began using hired soldiers (wars
became very expensive)
Began seeking territorial gains through
negotiated settlements
- Assembled the 1st modern diplomatic
services
- Permanent ambassadors were appointed
to represent their city-states at foreign
courts
Government
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City-states worked out
an agreement that no
one city-state would be
allowed enough power
to threaten the others
Three city-states
played leading roles in
the Renaissance
- Florence, Rome,
and Venice
Florence
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1400’s – came under the
power of the Medici
family (bankers)
- They helped promote
humanism
Florence became the
birthplace of the Italian
Renaissance
1434 – Cosimo de Medici
gained control of Florence
- Worked to end worker
uprising by introducing an
income tax
- Used tax revenue to
improve the city (sewers,
paved streets)
Florence

1469 to 1492 –
Lorenzo de
Medici ruled
Florence
- Used wealth to
support artists,
philosophers and
writers
Florence
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1490’s – Economic prosperity in banking and textiles
industries began to decline
- increased competition from English and Flemish cloth
makers
Girolamo Savonarola (a Dominican friar) gained power
- Imposed strict regulations on public behavior
- Swearing and horseracing were banned
- Built bonfires to burn books, paintings, fancy clothes, and
musical instruments
Savonarola’s preaching aroused opposition
- Angered pope by criticizing church officials
1498 – He was hanged for heresy
Medici family regained power
- Florence’s greatness had passed
Rome
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1500’s – emerged as a
leading Renaissance city
Pope and the cardinals
living in the Vatican made
up the wealthiest and most
powerful class
Renaissance popes rebuilt
the ancient city
Architects constructed large
churches and palaces
Artist created magnificent
paintings and sculptures
Renaissance popes often
placed political goals ahead
of religious duties
Venice

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
Link between Asia and
western Europe
Built ships and produced
high quality glass
Enjoyed political stability
- Republican government
was headed by an elected
doge
Council of Ten held the
real power (wealthiest
merchants)
- Passed laws, elected the
doge, and even had to be
consulted if the doge’s son
wanted to marry
Arts
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Humanism inspired artists to express their own
values, emotions, and attitudes
Made subjects look as lifelike as possible
Art had more secular overtones
Experimented with new techniques
- Learned to create a sense of perspective in order
to give their paintings depth
- Studied anatomy so they could portray human
figures more accurately
Renaissance Italy hailed artist as geniuses
- Were lavishly rewarded and given prominent
places in society
Architecture


Returned to the classical style
- Substituted domes and columns from
classical Greek and Roman architecture for
Medieval arches when building churches and
palaces
Sought both comfort and beauty in their
buildings
- Furnished them with tapestries, finely
made furniture, and glass windows
Architecture

Architects took
credit for their work
- Filippo
Brunelleschi –
most famous
(designed the
Cathedral of
Florence in 1436)
Sculpture
Free standing statues of
nude figures sculpted form
bronze or marble resembled
ancient Greek and Roman
sculptures more than
Medieval sculptures
 Michelangelo was one of
the most famous sculptures
- 1508 – Pope Julius II hired
him to paint the ceilings of
the Sistine Chapel with
scenes from the bible

Paintings
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Began painting in a
more realistic style
Leonardo da
Vinci – best known
for the Mona Lisa
and the Last Super
Section 2
The Northern Renaissance
In the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian
Renaissance begin to spread to
Northern Europe.
The Northern Renaissance

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
1400’s – Humanism began filtering
northward to France, England and other
parts of Europe
War, trade, travel, and a new method of
printing helped promote the cultural
diffusion
Northern Europeans adapted Italian
Renaissance ideas to their own individual
taste, values and needs
Spreading Ideas
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War helped spread ideas
1494 – France invaded Italy
- French Kings and warrior nobles became fascinated by the
Italian Renaissance
1571 - King Francis I brought Leonardo da Vinci to his
court
- Helped promote the entry of Renaissance ideas into
northern Europe
Kings and queen supported artists and scholars
People began to appreciate wealth, beauty, personal
improvement and other Renaissance ideas
- Began to spend wealth on education, fine houses, and
material goods
- A new educated middle class emerged
Spreading Ideas


The invention of the
printing press helped to
spread ideas
- 1400’s – Printing press
with movable type invented
1456 -Johannes
Gutenberg printed a
complete edition of the
bible using movable type
- Books were published
quicker and cheaper
French Renaissance
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Architects blended medieval Gothic towers
and windows with classical arches to create
chateaux (French castles)
Francois Rabelais – France’s most famous
author
- Wrote comic tales, satires and parodies
- He rejected the Middle Ages focus on the
afterlife and believed that people should
enjoy life to the fullest
Northern Europe
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Renaissance was enthusiastically accepted by the
wealthy towns of Germany and the low countries
- Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands
Printers produced books large quantities of books
- Writers increased their use of German and Dutch
Renaissance had a more religious tone
- Christian humanists wanted reforms in
Catholicism that would eliminate abuses and restore
the simple piety of the early church
- Desiderius Erasmus – attacked the wealth and
corruption of Renaissance popes in The Praise of
Folly
The English Renaissance
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Did not spread to England
until 1485
War of the Roses ended
King Henry VII invited
Italian Renaissance scholars
to England
English humanist expressed
interest in social issues
- Thomas Moore –
Criticized the society of his
day in the book Utopia
- William Shakespeare
and Christopher Marlowe
were the best known
English playwrights
Section 3
Luther Leads the
Reformation
Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the
Catholic Church lead to the founding of
Protestant churches.
The Protestant Reformation
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Values of humanism and secularism
stimulated widespread criticism of the
Catholic Church’s extravagance
1500 – Educated Europeans began calling
for a reformation (change in the Church’s
ways of teaching and practicing Christianity
Germany – Movement led to a split in the
church
- Produced a new form of Christianity
“Protestantism”
Martin Luther
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Started the Protestant Reformation
Became a monk after nearly being stuck by
lightning
Struggled to ensure his soul’s salvation
- Read Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Romans
Believed that a person could be made just
simply by faith in God’s mercy and love
(justification by faith)
- Felt as if he “had been born again and had
entered Paradise through wide open gates”
Luther’s Protest
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Ideas caused conflict with
church
Pope Leo X tried to raise
money to rebuild St, Peter’s
Basilica in Rome
- Sold church positions to
friends
- Authorized the sales of
indulgences (certificates
issued by the church that
were said to reduce or even
cancel punishment for a
person’s sins
People purchased
indulgences believing the
document would assure
their admission into heaven
Luther’s Protest

John Tetzel – church
agent who promised
peasants that
indulgence would
relieve them of guilt
from future sins
- Also encouraged
people to buy
indulgence for their
dead relatives
Luther’s Protest


Luther was a professor
in the town of
Wittenberg
- Preached against the
sale of indulgences
1517 – Luther nailed a
placard with 95 thesis
criticizing indulgences
and other church
policies
Breaking with Rome
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Printed copies of the 95 thesis quickly spread all
over Germany
- Caused a drop in then sales of indulgences
Luther published 100’s of essays advocating
justification by faith and attacking church abuses
Pope Leo sent envoys to Germany to persuade
Luther to recant his criticisms
- Luther refused
1520 – Leo formally condemned Luther and banned
his works
1521 – Leo excommunicated Luther form the
church
Breaking with Rome
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A diet of German Princes met in Germany
- wanted to bring Luther back into the church
- Decided he should take back criticism of the
papacy
Luther refused and was condemned as a heretic
Translated the New testament into German while in
hiding (cheaper cost)
- Most people were then able to read the bible
Lutheranism
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Luther laid the foundation for the 1st Protestant faith
(Lutheranism)
Lutheranism – emphasized salvation by faith alone and the
bible’s role as the only source of religious truth
Lutheran services centered on biblical preaching rather than
ritual
- Were held in the language of the people instead of Latin
Luther believed that the church was not a hierarchy of clergy
but a community of believers
- All useful occupations were vocations in which people could
serve God and neighbor
Lutheranism
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Lutheranism stirred social unrest among peasants
wanting to end serfdom
1525 – Peasants revolted
Luther backed the princes against the peasants
- Feared social chaos
Lutheranism, became a more conservative
movement
However it had already sewn the seeds more
radical Protestant movements that would transform
Europe’s religious landscape
Section 4
The Reformation
Continues
As Protestant reformers divide over beliefs,
the Catholic Church makes reforms
The Spread of Protestantism
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Divisions began to appear within the
movement
Reformers didn’t believe in the same
methods or goals
Swiss
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Many preachers and
merchants separated from
Rome and set up churches
known as Reformed
Huldrych Zwingli – led
the Protestant movement
- Stressed salvation by faith
alone
- Denounced many Catholic
beliefs and practices
- Wanted to break
completely from Catholic
tradition and establish a
theocracy in Zurich
Swiss
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John Calvin – Established the most powerful and
influential reformed group in Geneva (Calvinism)
- Published his theology in The Institution of the
Christian Religion that Influenced religious
reformers in Europe and later in America
- Believe that God possessed all-encompassing
power and knowledge and determines the fate of
every person (predestination)
Calvin tried to turn Geneva into a model religious
community
- People were required to attend Reformed church
services several times a week
- Laws against fighting, swearing, gambling,
drunkenness, card playing and dancing (enforced
by the Consistory)
Radical Reformers
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Anabaptists – initiated the practice of
baptism or admitting into their groups only
adult members
Believed that only people who could make a
free and informed decision to become
Christians should be allowed to do so
Denied the authority of the local
government to direct their lives
Many lived separate from a society they saw
as sinful
Radical Reformers
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Some fanatical Anabaptists brought about the
religions downfall
- 1534 – Radicals seized power in German town of
Munster and burned books, seized private
property, and practiced polygamy
- Lutherans and Catholics united to crush the
Anabaptist
1600 ‘ s – many Anabaptists groups migrated to
North America
- Religious liberty and separation of church and
state
- Modern day Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish
trace their roots back to them
England’s Reform
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Serious conflict between
Henry VIII and the pope
brought Reformation ideas to
the forefront
- Concerned succession to the
throne
Henry’s wife Catherine
Aragon had borne 6 children
- Only one survived “Mary”
- Wanted a male heir to avoid
a civil war
Henry decided to marry Anne
Boleyn
- Believed that Catherine was
too old to have more children
England’s Reform
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1527 – Henry asked the
pope top grant him a
divorce for Catherine
Catherine’s nephew was the
Holy Roman Emperor
(Charles V)
- He wanted Catherine to
remain Queen of England
- Pope depended on him for
protection
- Pope rejected Henry’s
request
England’s Reform
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Henry had a series of laws passed that separated
the English church form the pope
- Act of Supremacy – Made Henry head of the
church instead of the pope
- Kept Catholic doctrines and practices
Devout Catholics opposed the king’s rule
- 1535 - Thomas Moore was beheaded
- Monasteries and convents were closed
Henry and Anne had one daughter (Elizabeth)
Henry married 4 more times and had one son
(Edward)
England’s Reform
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1547 – Henry died and
Edward became king at the
age of 9
- Edward was dominated by
devout Protestant officials
- Edward died in his teens
Edward VI’s half sister Mary
became Queen
- Tried to restore
Catholicism to England
- Earned nickname “Bloody
Mary” for burning 100’s of
Protestants
England’s Reform

1558 – Mary died and her half
sister Elizabeth I became
Queen
- United people by following a
moderate course in religion
- Made the English church
Protestant with Catholic
features (Anglicanism)
- Compromise pleased most
people
- Radical Protestants wanted to
purify the English Church
(Puritans)
-Became influential in both the
Church and Parliament