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World History Chapter 17 Notes European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600 Two movements, the Renaissance and the Reformation, usher in dramatic social and cultural changes in Europe. Section 1 . Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance The Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning that produces many great works of art and literature The Renaissance (1350 – 1600) Europeans experienced a cultural awakening The beginning of Modern times The Renaissance (1350 – 1600) Began in the city-states of Italy – It had avoided the economic troubles of the Middle Ages - Italian towns remained as centers of Mediterranean trade - Remained attached to the classics - Had close contact with the Byzantine Empire - Scholars moved to Rome following after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 - Scholars had preserved the learning of ancient Greeks) Humanism Italian scholars improved their understanding of Greek and Latin - Studied old manuscripts and copied the classical writing style Led to a movement known as humanism - Focused on secular or worldly themes rather than on religious ideas Humanist accepted classical beliefs and wanted to use them to renew their own society - Individualism – emphasized on the dignity and worth of the individual person - Human improvement – people should develop their talents through activities such as politics, sports, and arts Humanist believed that education could help people improve themselves - Opened schools that taught the humanities - Humanist began replacing clergy as teachers of the sons of the wealthy Humanism Humanism inspired new forms of literature - Written in vernacular and focused on personal feelings - Francesco Petrarch wrote sonnets expressing his love for a woman who had died - Writers focused on topics of individual ambition and success - Niccolo Machiavelli – wrote the Prince (realistically analyzed the politics of Renaissance Italy that appealed to power-hungry rulers) Humanism Scholars began challenging long accepted traditions, assumptions, and institutions New discoveries validated the desire to challenge and question everything (even church traditions) - Lorenzo Valla - discovered that a document that provided the legal basis for the pope’s supremacy over kings was actually a forgery Humanist reawakened the educated public to classical values City Life Town life was stronger in Italy - Italians could discard feudalism - Didn’t become as unified as France or England - Communities resisted the efforts of emperors or kings (became independent city-states) City-states created a new social order in which wealth and ability were more important than aristocratic titles and land ownership - Merchants and bankers replaced landed nobility as the most powerful social and political group - Artisans formed a fairly prosperous middle class - Majority of the people were poor workers who came to the urban areas from the country side and were employed by the artisans - Peasants who worked on the countryside estates of the wealthy were at the bottom of the social order Government Italy consisted of individual city-states during the Renaissance - Each one was ruled by wealthy families who had prospered in commercial trading or banking Workers often rebelled against the upper class (suppressed) - 1400 - Social conflicts caused many city-states to turn over all political authority to a single powerful leader (Signori) - Some signori ruled as dictators and used force to maintain control Government City–states fought with each other to settle disputes Military service interfered with trade and banking - Signori began using hired soldiers (wars became very expensive) Began seeking territorial gains through negotiated settlements - Assembled the 1st modern diplomatic services - Permanent ambassadors were appointed to represent their city-states at foreign courts Government City-states worked out an agreement that no one city-state would be allowed enough power to threaten the others Three city-states played leading roles in the Renaissance - Florence, Rome, and Venice Florence 1400’s – came under the power of the Medici family (bankers) - They helped promote humanism Florence became the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance 1434 – Cosimo de Medici gained control of Florence - Worked to end worker uprising by introducing an income tax - Used tax revenue to improve the city (sewers, paved streets) Florence 1469 to 1492 – Lorenzo de Medici ruled Florence - Used wealth to support artists, philosophers and writers Florence 1490’s – Economic prosperity in banking and textiles industries began to decline - increased competition from English and Flemish cloth makers Girolamo Savonarola (a Dominican friar) gained power - Imposed strict regulations on public behavior - Swearing and horseracing were banned - Built bonfires to burn books, paintings, fancy clothes, and musical instruments Savonarola’s preaching aroused opposition - Angered pope by criticizing church officials 1498 – He was hanged for heresy Medici family regained power - Florence’s greatness had passed Rome 1500’s – emerged as a leading Renaissance city Pope and the cardinals living in the Vatican made up the wealthiest and most powerful class Renaissance popes rebuilt the ancient city Architects constructed large churches and palaces Artist created magnificent paintings and sculptures Renaissance popes often placed political goals ahead of religious duties Venice Link between Asia and western Europe Built ships and produced high quality glass Enjoyed political stability - Republican government was headed by an elected doge Council of Ten held the real power (wealthiest merchants) - Passed laws, elected the doge, and even had to be consulted if the doge’s son wanted to marry Arts Humanism inspired artists to express their own values, emotions, and attitudes Made subjects look as lifelike as possible Art had more secular overtones Experimented with new techniques - Learned to create a sense of perspective in order to give their paintings depth - Studied anatomy so they could portray human figures more accurately Renaissance Italy hailed artist as geniuses - Were lavishly rewarded and given prominent places in society Architecture Returned to the classical style - Substituted domes and columns from classical Greek and Roman architecture for Medieval arches when building churches and palaces Sought both comfort and beauty in their buildings - Furnished them with tapestries, finely made furniture, and glass windows Architecture Architects took credit for their work - Filippo Brunelleschi – most famous (designed the Cathedral of Florence in 1436) Sculpture Free standing statues of nude figures sculpted form bronze or marble resembled ancient Greek and Roman sculptures more than Medieval sculptures Michelangelo was one of the most famous sculptures - 1508 – Pope Julius II hired him to paint the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel with scenes from the bible Paintings Began painting in a more realistic style Leonardo da Vinci – best known for the Mona Lisa and the Last Super Section 2 The Northern Renaissance In the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance begin to spread to Northern Europe. The Northern Renaissance 1400’s – Humanism began filtering northward to France, England and other parts of Europe War, trade, travel, and a new method of printing helped promote the cultural diffusion Northern Europeans adapted Italian Renaissance ideas to their own individual taste, values and needs Spreading Ideas War helped spread ideas 1494 – France invaded Italy - French Kings and warrior nobles became fascinated by the Italian Renaissance 1571 - King Francis I brought Leonardo da Vinci to his court - Helped promote the entry of Renaissance ideas into northern Europe Kings and queen supported artists and scholars People began to appreciate wealth, beauty, personal improvement and other Renaissance ideas - Began to spend wealth on education, fine houses, and material goods - A new educated middle class emerged Spreading Ideas The invention of the printing press helped to spread ideas - 1400’s – Printing press with movable type invented 1456 -Johannes Gutenberg printed a complete edition of the bible using movable type - Books were published quicker and cheaper French Renaissance Architects blended medieval Gothic towers and windows with classical arches to create chateaux (French castles) Francois Rabelais – France’s most famous author - Wrote comic tales, satires and parodies - He rejected the Middle Ages focus on the afterlife and believed that people should enjoy life to the fullest Northern Europe Renaissance was enthusiastically accepted by the wealthy towns of Germany and the low countries - Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands Printers produced books large quantities of books - Writers increased their use of German and Dutch Renaissance had a more religious tone - Christian humanists wanted reforms in Catholicism that would eliminate abuses and restore the simple piety of the early church - Desiderius Erasmus – attacked the wealth and corruption of Renaissance popes in The Praise of Folly The English Renaissance Did not spread to England until 1485 War of the Roses ended King Henry VII invited Italian Renaissance scholars to England English humanist expressed interest in social issues - Thomas Moore – Criticized the society of his day in the book Utopia - William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe were the best known English playwrights Section 3 Luther Leads the Reformation Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church lead to the founding of Protestant churches. The Protestant Reformation Values of humanism and secularism stimulated widespread criticism of the Catholic Church’s extravagance 1500 – Educated Europeans began calling for a reformation (change in the Church’s ways of teaching and practicing Christianity Germany – Movement led to a split in the church - Produced a new form of Christianity “Protestantism” Martin Luther Started the Protestant Reformation Became a monk after nearly being stuck by lightning Struggled to ensure his soul’s salvation - Read Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Romans Believed that a person could be made just simply by faith in God’s mercy and love (justification by faith) - Felt as if he “had been born again and had entered Paradise through wide open gates” Luther’s Protest Ideas caused conflict with church Pope Leo X tried to raise money to rebuild St, Peter’s Basilica in Rome - Sold church positions to friends - Authorized the sales of indulgences (certificates issued by the church that were said to reduce or even cancel punishment for a person’s sins People purchased indulgences believing the document would assure their admission into heaven Luther’s Protest John Tetzel – church agent who promised peasants that indulgence would relieve them of guilt from future sins - Also encouraged people to buy indulgence for their dead relatives Luther’s Protest Luther was a professor in the town of Wittenberg - Preached against the sale of indulgences 1517 – Luther nailed a placard with 95 thesis criticizing indulgences and other church policies Breaking with Rome Printed copies of the 95 thesis quickly spread all over Germany - Caused a drop in then sales of indulgences Luther published 100’s of essays advocating justification by faith and attacking church abuses Pope Leo sent envoys to Germany to persuade Luther to recant his criticisms - Luther refused 1520 – Leo formally condemned Luther and banned his works 1521 – Leo excommunicated Luther form the church Breaking with Rome A diet of German Princes met in Germany - wanted to bring Luther back into the church - Decided he should take back criticism of the papacy Luther refused and was condemned as a heretic Translated the New testament into German while in hiding (cheaper cost) - Most people were then able to read the bible Lutheranism Luther laid the foundation for the 1st Protestant faith (Lutheranism) Lutheranism – emphasized salvation by faith alone and the bible’s role as the only source of religious truth Lutheran services centered on biblical preaching rather than ritual - Were held in the language of the people instead of Latin Luther believed that the church was not a hierarchy of clergy but a community of believers - All useful occupations were vocations in which people could serve God and neighbor Lutheranism Lutheranism stirred social unrest among peasants wanting to end serfdom 1525 – Peasants revolted Luther backed the princes against the peasants - Feared social chaos Lutheranism, became a more conservative movement However it had already sewn the seeds more radical Protestant movements that would transform Europe’s religious landscape Section 4 The Reformation Continues As Protestant reformers divide over beliefs, the Catholic Church makes reforms The Spread of Protestantism Divisions began to appear within the movement Reformers didn’t believe in the same methods or goals Swiss Many preachers and merchants separated from Rome and set up churches known as Reformed Huldrych Zwingli – led the Protestant movement - Stressed salvation by faith alone - Denounced many Catholic beliefs and practices - Wanted to break completely from Catholic tradition and establish a theocracy in Zurich Swiss John Calvin – Established the most powerful and influential reformed group in Geneva (Calvinism) - Published his theology in The Institution of the Christian Religion that Influenced religious reformers in Europe and later in America - Believe that God possessed all-encompassing power and knowledge and determines the fate of every person (predestination) Calvin tried to turn Geneva into a model religious community - People were required to attend Reformed church services several times a week - Laws against fighting, swearing, gambling, drunkenness, card playing and dancing (enforced by the Consistory) Radical Reformers Anabaptists – initiated the practice of baptism or admitting into their groups only adult members Believed that only people who could make a free and informed decision to become Christians should be allowed to do so Denied the authority of the local government to direct their lives Many lived separate from a society they saw as sinful Radical Reformers Some fanatical Anabaptists brought about the religions downfall - 1534 – Radicals seized power in German town of Munster and burned books, seized private property, and practiced polygamy - Lutherans and Catholics united to crush the Anabaptist 1600 ‘ s – many Anabaptists groups migrated to North America - Religious liberty and separation of church and state - Modern day Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish trace their roots back to them England’s Reform Serious conflict between Henry VIII and the pope brought Reformation ideas to the forefront - Concerned succession to the throne Henry’s wife Catherine Aragon had borne 6 children - Only one survived “Mary” - Wanted a male heir to avoid a civil war Henry decided to marry Anne Boleyn - Believed that Catherine was too old to have more children England’s Reform 1527 – Henry asked the pope top grant him a divorce for Catherine Catherine’s nephew was the Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) - He wanted Catherine to remain Queen of England - Pope depended on him for protection - Pope rejected Henry’s request England’s Reform Henry had a series of laws passed that separated the English church form the pope - Act of Supremacy – Made Henry head of the church instead of the pope - Kept Catholic doctrines and practices Devout Catholics opposed the king’s rule - 1535 - Thomas Moore was beheaded - Monasteries and convents were closed Henry and Anne had one daughter (Elizabeth) Henry married 4 more times and had one son (Edward) England’s Reform 1547 – Henry died and Edward became king at the age of 9 - Edward was dominated by devout Protestant officials - Edward died in his teens Edward VI’s half sister Mary became Queen - Tried to restore Catholicism to England - Earned nickname “Bloody Mary” for burning 100’s of Protestants England’s Reform 1558 – Mary died and her half sister Elizabeth I became Queen - United people by following a moderate course in religion - Made the English church Protestant with Catholic features (Anglicanism) - Compromise pleased most people - Radical Protestants wanted to purify the English Church (Puritans) -Became influential in both the Church and Parliament