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Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance = Rebirth Jacob Burkhardt defined Distinct break from Middle Ages into the Modern World Urban Movement Small, elite group of patrons Age of Recovery from the 14th Century Humanism Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture Emphasis on individual ability Secularized the writing of history • Change over time via cause and effect Christian Humanism Erasmus “Laid the egg that Luther hatched” Emphasized inner piety The Handbook of the Christian Knight • Guiding philosophy rather than dogmatic practices The Praise of Folly • Folly dominates the affairs of humankind The Making of Renaissance Society Economic Recovery Trade Revival Italian cities lose economic supremacy Hanseatic League Manufacturing • Textiles, Printing, Mining and Metallurgy Banking • Florence and the Medici The Polish City of Gdansk An Important Member of the Hanseatic League Social Changes in the Renaissance The Nobility Reconstruction of the Aristocracy Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population • Dominate society • Banquets to display wealth Baldassare Castiglione The Book of the Courtier Service to the prince French Renaissance Castle of Chenonceaux Peasants and Townspeople aka The Third Estate Peasants Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population Decline of manorial system and serfdom Urban Society Patricians Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters, and guildsmen The Poor and Unemployed Slavery • Domestic servants • Skilled artisans • The Plague Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy Arranged Marriages $$$ & alliances Father-husband head of family Negotiated marriages Wife managed household Childbirth Sexual Norms Italian States in the Renaissance Five Major Powers by the late 15th century Milan Venice Florence • The Medici The Papal States Kingdom of Naples The Role of Women Isabella d’Este France and Spain fight over the peninsula Sforza, Duke of Milan invites France to intervene France, Charles VIII marches through Italy and occupies Naples • Forced the Medici into exile Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon called in by other Italian States Modern diplomatic system Florence, Italy ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Renaissance Italy Machiavelli and the New Statecraft Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) The Prince • Modern secular concept • Written after his expulsion from office Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power Chief advisor during the time of the Medici expulsion • Ambassador to Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) Treaty of Bologna 1529 Ended the siege of Florence • Charles VIII supported the Florentines • Papal army supported the Medici’s Pope Julius II aka Warrior pope Reestablished the Medici in Florence The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy Italian Renaissance Humanism Humanism based on Greco-Roman literature Petrarch (1304 – 1374) • Father of Italian Renaissance humanism • Characterized the Middle Ages as “Dark” • Philosophy is the art of virtuous living Civic Humanism – Florence • Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) New Cicero Humanism and Philosophy • Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499) Translates Plato’s dialogues Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism Renaissance Hermeticism • Corpus Hermeticum Occult writings & speculations on philosophy/theology Giovanni Pico della Mirandola • Oration on the Dignity of Man Freedom to be anything you choose Education & The Impact of Printing Education in the Renaissance Greek language Latin mastery Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, martial arts and music Education of Women Vittorino da Feltre • Liberal educator with the aim to create a complete citizen Francesco Guicciardini The Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg • Movable type (1445 – 1450) • Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456) The Spread of Printing The Artistic Renaissance Early Renaissance Masaccio (1401 – 1428) Perspective and Organization Movement and Anatomical Structure Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) David Filippo Brunelleschi Church of San Lorenzo & the dome of the Cathedral of Florence The High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) • Last Supper Raphael (1483 – 1520) • School of Athens Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) • The Sistine Chapel The Northern Artistic Renaissance Less mastery of perspective Illuminated manuscripts No nudes Jan van Eyck Most influencial Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) Adoration of the Magi Music in the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay The European State in the Renaissance The Renaissance State in Western Europe “New Monarch” Acquisition and expansion France • Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483) England • War of the Roses • Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) Spain • • • • • • Unification of Castile Isabella and Aragón Ferdinand Establishment of professional royal army Religious uniformity The Inquisition Conquest of Granada Expulsion of the Jews God, Gold and Glory Ferdinand and Isabella 1475-1526 Reconquista New World exploration • Spread Catholicism Conquistadors • Hernan Cortes Aztecs of Mexico • Francisco Pizarro Inca of Peru Hacienda Land grants to the conquistadors Self-governing Encomienda Regulated care of native laborers Patron would collect tribute and in return were expected to protect natives and supervise conversions Hundred Years War 1337-1453 Fight for the French throne 4 phases Valois (French Throne) v Plantagenet (French & English Throne) Plantagenets forced to flee France Joan of Arc 1431 execution Economic turmoil English looted France War of the Roses Aka The Cousin’s War Ferdinand and Isabella 1475-1526 Reconquista New World exploration The Lion Court in the Alhambra Granada, Spain Europe in the Renaissance Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire Habsburg Dynasty Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe Poland Hungary Russia The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine Empire Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453) • Mehmet II The Grand Bazaar in Contemporary Istanbul The Church in the Renaissance The Problem of Heresy and Reform John Wyclif & the Lollards • Bible in the vernacular • Anti-Papal & Saints (no support in Scripture) John Hus • Lollardy in Bohemia • Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy • Burned at the stake (1415) Church Councils The Papacy The Renaissance Papacy Nepotism Temporal authority • Julius II aka “Warrior Pope” Ostentatious • Alexander VI Rodrigo Borgia (Cesare & Lucrezia’s father) Patrons of Culture • Leo X (1513 – 1521) Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici Discussion Questions What social changes did the Renaissance bring about? How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political power? How did the printing press change European society? What technical achievements did Renaissance artists make? Why were they significant? What was the relation between art and politics in Renaissance Italy? How did the popes handle the growing problems that were emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century? Web Links Renaissance Secrets Explore Leonardo’s Studio Leonardo da Vinci on the BBC Vatican Exhibit – Rome Reborn Renaissance – Focus on Florence The Uffizi Gallery – Florence Vatican Museums – The Sistine Chapel Gutenberg.de The War of the Roses The Ottoman Website