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The Renaissance Primavera by Botticelli The Italian Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth” Began in Italy Lasted from 13501600 The classics from Greece and Rome were revived Spread throughout Europe Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy Humanism Father: Petrarch Interest in capabilities of the individual Focus on study of Classical Culture, secular Gender: Men: Well rounded “Renaissance Man” Women: courteous, graceful, attractive Printing Press Humanism enhanced by printing Gutenberg’s Moveable Type Press first printed the Bible in 1454 Originally invented in China By 1500, 10 million printed books circulating Europe Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Urban society Secular-worldly Recovery from the disasters of the 14th century Siena, Italy Piazza del Campo Black Death Political disorder Economic recession New view of human beings and individual ability The Italian States During the Middle Ages, Italy had failed to develop as a monarchy Lack of single ruler made it possible for a number of city-states in northern and central Italy to remain independent Prospered from trade Exchanged good with the Byzantine and Islamic civilizations, England, and the Netherlands Obtained silks, sugar, and spices to take back to Italy The Italian States: Milan 14th century-Visconti family established themselves as dukes of Milan and extend power all over Lombardy Last Visconti dies in 1447 Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a band of mercenaries) conquers Milan and becomes duke Built a strong, centralized state Efficient tax system Duomo in Milan, Italy The Italian States: Venice San Marco in Venice, Italy Grown wealthy from trading Small group of merchantaristocrats ran the government on behalf of their own interests Trade empire brought enormous revenues Became an international power The Italian States: Florence Dominated the region of Tuscany In 1434, Cosimo de’ Medici took control of the city They were wool traders and bankers The Medici kept the republic form of government, but ran it behind the scenes Cosimo and Lorenzo put supporters in offices to carry out their policies Florence was the cultural center of Italy Duomo in Florence, Italy Machiavelli and the New Statecraft Wrote The Prince Concerned with political power and how to get it and keep it Rejected the Middle Ages view that rulers ought to behave on Christian moral values Must be based on an understanding of human nature A ruler acts on behalf of the state, therefore, he should let his own conscience sleep Had a profound influence on political leaders in the Western world Machiavelli The Making of Renaissance Society: Nobility Around 3 % of the population Held political posts and advised Kings Castiglione describe the perfect noble in his work Isabella d’Este The Book of the Courtier Born, not made Work to be a warrior Have a classical education Standards of conduct Serve his prince in an effective and honest way Pietro Medici The Making of Renaissance Society: Peasants and Townspeople About 90% of the population Serfdom declined and more peasants were becoming free Townspeople were divided also Patricians-wealthy traders, industry, and bankingdominated communities Burghers-shopkeepers, artisans, guild membersmiddle class Impoverished-unemployed, pitiful wages, 30-40% pop. Moneychanger and his Wife by Quentin Massys The Making of Renaissance Society: Family and Marriage The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael Parents carefully arranged marriages to strengthen business or family ties Details were worked out when children were 2 or 3 years old Legally binding Dowry-sum of the money given by the wife’s family to the husband upon marriage Father was the center of family Children became adults when they were legally freed Mother’s role was to supervise the household Vernacular Language Vernacular-language spoken in their own regions Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Dante’s Divine Comedy English Italian Began to compete with Latin Eventually replaced it Canterbury Tales in the Vernacular Here bygynneth the Book of the tales of Caunterbury 1: Whan that aprill with his shoures soote 2: The droghte of march hath perced to the roote, 3: And bathed every veyne in swich licour 4: Of which vertu engendred is the flour; 5: Whan zephirus eek with his sweete breeth 6: Inspired hath in every holt and heeth 7: Tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne 8: Hath in the ram his halve cours yronne, 9: And smale foweles maken melodye, 10: That slepen al the nyght with open ye 11: (so priketh hem nature in hir corages); 12: Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages, 13: And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes, 14: To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes; 15: And specially from every shires ende 16: Of engelond to caunterbury they wende, 17: The hooly blisful martir for to seke, Here Begins the Book of the Tales of Canterbury When April with his showers sweet with fruit The drought of March has pierced unto the root And bathed each vein with liquor that has power To generate therein and sire the flower; When Zephyr also has, with his sweet breath, Quickened again, in every holt and heath, The tender shoots and buds, and the young sun Into the Ram one half his course has run, And many little birds make melody That sleep through all the night with open eye (So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)Then do folk long to go on pilgrimage, And palmers to go seeking out strange strands, To distant shrines well known in sundry lands. And specially from every shire's end Of England they to Canterbury wend, The holy blessed martyr there to seek Characteristics of Renaissance Art Influenced by classical Greece and Rome Emphasized realism, detail, perfection Religion got a lifelike approach The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci Dome of the duomo in Florence by Brunelleschi The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Fresco-painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints Figures had the illusion of being three dimensional Two major achievements Perspective Moverment and human anatomy Architects were inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome (San Lorenzo) School of Athens by Raphael Interior of San Lorenzo by Brunelleschi The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Mastery of techniques for a realistic portrayal of the world Da Vinci dissected human bodies to study anatomy Move from painting realistic forms to ideal forms Glorified the human body Pieta By Michelangelo Rome, Italy Ospedale degli Innocenti Designed by Brunelleschi Florence, Italy The Artistic Renaissance in Italy The Last Judgement By Michelangelo Sistine Chapel Rome, Italy The Artistic Renaissance in Italy The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Micelangelo SCIENCE! The Scientific Revolution Built upon writings of Greeks and Romans (okay, we get it, they REALLY liked those guys!) Developed scientific method Challenged medieval superstition and acceptance of Aristotle’s theories Reduced importance of humans in universal scheme (heliocentric orbit) Considerable religious opposition Improved health and ability to control environment Firm foundation for modern scientific advances Science-y Guys Copernicus Versalius: Blood, not air, circulates in the veins Boyle: Planets follow elliptical orbit (not circular) Harvey: astronomer and physicist, improved telescope, proved Copernicus’ Kepler: philosopher, popularized the scientific method (some people think he’s actually Shakespeare) Galileo: Disected human bodies, founded anatomy Francis Bacon: Sun is in center of solar system and earth is one of several planets orbiting the sun discovered law of gases, fundamental to modern chemistry Newton: invented calculus, laws of motion, laws of gravity