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Transcript
Chapter 11, Lesson 2 New Ideas and Art It Matters Because: Renaissance artists, scientists, and scholars helped shape the way we see our world. Renaissance Humanism • New way of thinking about the world developed, humanism • Humanism – belief in worth of individual & that reason is path to knowledge • Wanted to gain knowledge through reason, not just faith • Based on Greek & Roman ideas • Western European brought knowledge of Greek & Roman classics back from Middle East after Crusades • Petrarch, considered the father of Renaissance humanism, studied Roman writers • Italians began to restore damaged ruins of Roman statues, columns, etc. Renaissance Literature • Educated Renaissance authors used classical Latin language • Authors also used vernacular languages • Dante Alighieri, Florentine poet, wrote The Divine Comedy, describes Dante’s imagined journey through Heaven and Hell • Written as political revenge; Dante placed his enemies in Hell to be punished • Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in English • Stories about people making a religious journey • Includes people from all classes of society • Modern English comes from vernacular form used by Chaucer Gutenberg’s Printing Press • 1450s, Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type • Carved letters could be set, used, reset, and reused • Much quicker, cheaper than hand-writing • Printing press made books available to many Europeans who were learning to read • Scholars could read each others’ work and ideas spread quickly • Gutenberg’s Bible printed in 1455 • More books printed in next 50 years than in all of history to that point Renaissance Art • Renaissance art was very different from medieval art • Tried to portray people through realism • Tried to reveal emotion of the subject • Florentine painter Gioto was first to use gesture and facial expression to show emotion • Most important technique was perspective • Perspective – showing people and objects as they appear at different distances • Perfected by da Vinci • Gave paintings 3-dimensional look • Artists like da Vinci studied human anatomy to represent it accurately Leading Artists • 1490-1520 considered golden age of Italian painting • Leonardo da Vinci is considered the greatest mind of the Renaissance • Pioneered artistic techniques and made many discoveries in science and engineering • Michelangelo began as a sculptor in Florence • Hired by Pope to work at the Vatican • Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel with scenes from the Bible Michelangelo’s La Pietà • Carved from marble, shows Mary cradling the crucified body of Jesus • Revered for its intimate depiction of Mary and Jesus • Blends Renaissance ideal of natural beauty with naturalism • “Pietà” means “compassion” or “mercy” Leading Artists • Raphael also worked for the Vatican • Painted frescoes (murals) in the Pope’s palace • Known for his painting School of Athens • In School of Athens, the philosophers Plato and Aristotle are shown in the center • Raphael used Leonardo as the model for Plato because of his great respect for da Vinci • Also known for his many paintings of Mary with the infant Jesus The Northern Renaissance • In late 1400s, Renaissance spread from Italy into Northern Europe • Artists in Northern Europe began painting with oils, rather than water-based paints • Provided richer color and greater detail • Jan van Eyck (from Fleming) was a skilled oil painter • The Arnolfini Portrait shows a couple in a formal setting • Praised for its great detail • Albrecht Dürer (Germany) blended Renaissance techniques with German traditions • Known for his engravings • Carved on metal or wood and transferred to paper with ink • Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse is a famous woodcarving England’s Theaters • Renaissance in England reached its peak during reign of Elizabeth I, late 1500s • About 1580, first theatres built in England • Open air theatres attended by all classes of people • William Shakespeare was greatest English playwright • Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories • Known for Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, etc.