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Animal Nutrition Human Digestion AP Biology 2006-2007 What do animals need to live? Animals make __________ using: __________________ food __________________ Animals _______________ using: __________________ amino acids, sugars, fats, nucleotides ATP __________________ Regents Biology O2 __________________ Different diets; different lives All animals eat other organisms ______________ eat mainly _________ gorillas, cows, rabbits, snails ______________ eat other __________ sharks, hawks, spiders, snakes ______________ eat ___________________ cockroaches, bears, raccoons, humans humans evolved as hunters, scavengers & gatherers Regents Biology Getting & Using Food ________________ taking in food ________________ __________________________ breaking up food into smaller pieces __________________________ breaking down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed into cells enzymes intracellular digestion ________________ absorb across cell membrane ___________________ ___________________ ________________ undigested material passes out of body Regents Biology extracellular digestion Digestive systems Everybody’s got one! Regents Biology Mouth Functions _______________________ _______________ break up food _______________________ __________________________ ____________________________ mucus protects soft lining of digestive system lubricates food for easier swallowing buffers neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay anti-bacterial chemicals Regents Biology kill bacteria that enter mouth with food All that in spit! Swallowing (& not choking) ________________________ flap of cartilage closes __________ (windpipe) when swallowing food travels down _______________ ________________________ involuntary muscle contractions to move food along Regents Biology Stomach Functions ______________________ hydrochloric acid = pH 2 kills bacteria ______________________ can stretch to fit ~2L food ______________________ _____________________ What stops the stomach from digesting itself? mucus secreted by stomach cells protects Regents Biology stomach lining Ulcers Colonized by H. pylori Used to think ulcers were caused by stress tried to control with antacids inflammation of stomach ulcers caused by bacterial infection of stomach inflammatory proteins (CagA) cell damaging proteins (VacA) H. pylori bacteria now cure with antibiotics Regents Biology inflammation of esophagus H. pylori Now know Free of H. pylori cytokines helper T cells neutrophil cells white blood cells Small intestine Functions ______________________ _______________________ amylase from pancreas _______________________ trypsin & chymotrypsin from pancreas _______________________ bile from liver & lipase from pancreas ______________________ nutrients move into body cells by: diffusion active transport Regents Biology This is where all the work is done! Absorption by Small Intestines ________________________________ finger-like projections _________________________________ SMALL INTESTINES 6 meters long, but can stretch to cover a tennis court Regents Biology Pancreas _______________________________ __________________________ trypsin, chymotrypsin __________________________ amylase __________________________ lipase Buffers neutralizes acid from stomach Regents Biology small intestine pancreas Liver & Gall Bladder ________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ that’s why you can have your gall bladder removed bile contains colors from old red blood cells collected in liver = iron in RBC rusts & Regentsfeces Biology makes brown Large intestines (colon) Function ___________________________________ use ~9 liters of water every day in digestive juices if don’t reabsorb water, would die of dehydration > 90% of water re-absorbed not enough water re-absorbed ____________________ can be fatal! too much water re-absorbed ____________________ Regents Biology reabsorb by diffusion You’ve got company! Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria PEE-YOO! Escherichia coli: ___________ ____________________________ digests fruits & vegetables ____________________________ vitamin K & B vitamins ____________________________ by-product of bacterial metabolism methane, hydrogen sulfide STINKY! Regents Biology Rectum Last section of large intestines eliminate feces what’s left over? ___________________________ mainly cellulose from plants called ___________________________ keeps everything moving & cleans out intestines masses of bacteria Regents Biology So don’t forget to wash your hands! Different diets; different bodies Adaptations of herbivore vs. carnivore teeth length of digestive system number & size of stomachs Regents Biology Teeth _______________ sharp ripping teeth “canines” _______________ wide grinding teeth molars _______________ both kinds of teeth Regents Biology Length of digestive system Herbivores & omnivores long digestive systems harder to digest cellulose (cell walls) bacteria in intestines help Carnivores short digestive systems Regents Biology appendix Eating a balanced diet What happens if an animal’s diet is missing an essential nutrient? deficiency diseases scurvy — vitamin C (collagen production) rickets — vitamin D (calcium absorption) blindness — vitamin A (retinol production) anemia — vitamin B12 (coenzyme function) kwashiorkor — protein Regents Biology Vegetarian diets Need to make sure you get enough protein 20 amino acids to make protein 12 humans can make 8 we have to eat = “essential amino acids” Grains (like corn) have 6 amino acids missing 2 Beans (like soybean & red beans) have 6 amino acids missing different 2 mix beans & grains for complete group of amino acids rice & beans taco/tortilla & beans tofu & rice peanut butter & bread Regents Biology Homeostasis Blood Sugar insulin liver stores body _________ cells take up sugar _________ ______________ high reduces ________ liver blood sugar level low triggers _________ Regents Biology liver releases _________ liver ______________ ucagon Feedback