Download Digestive System Pathology

Digestive System Pathology
Chapter 8
Oral Cavity Pathology
• Aphthous ulcers aka canker sores are recurrent blister like
sores that break and form lesions on the soft tissues lining
the mouth. Exact cause is unknown, but thought to be
related to stress, certain foods, or fever.
• Herpes labialis aka cold sores or fever blisters caused by
herpes simplex virus
• Cleft lip aka harelip is a congenital defect resulting in a
deep fissure of the lip running upward to the nose
• Cleft palate is a congenital fissure of the palate that
involves the upper lip, hard palate, and/or soft palate
Dental Diseases
• Bruxism is involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth
that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with
tension or stress. This wears away tooth structure and
damage soft tissues and causes damage to the
tempromandibular joint.
• Dental caries aka tooth decay or cavities
• Periodontal disease aka periodontitis
– Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums and is the
earliest stage of periodontal disease
• Halitosis aka bad breath
• Temporomandibular disorders TMD or TMJ
Esophageal Pathology
• Dysphagia?
• Esophageal reflux aka gastroesophageal reflux disease or
GERD is the upward flow of stomach acid into the
esophagus
• Esophageal varices are enlarged and swollen veins at the
lower end of the esophagus. Severe bleeding occurs if one
of these ruptures
• Hiatal hernia is a protrusion of part of the stomach
through the esophageal sphincter in the diaphragm. This
may cause esophageal reflux and pyrosis
• Pyrosis aka heartburn is the burning sensation caused by
the regurgitation of acidic stomach contents into the
esophagus
Stomach Pathology
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Gastritis?
Gastroenteritis?
Gastrorrhagia?
Gastrorrhea?
Gastrorrhexis?
Peptic Ulcers are lesions of the mucous membranes of the
digestive system. These ulcers are frequently caused by
the bacterium Helicobacter pylori may occur in the lower
end of the esophagus, the stomach, or in the duodenum
– Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers that occur in the
stomach
– Duodenal ulcers
– Perforating ulcers involves erosion through the entire
thickness of the organ wall
Eating Disorders
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Anorexia is the lack or loss of appetite for food
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia aka bulimia
Dehydration
Malnutrition
Obesity
Pica is when there is a desire to eat nonnutritional
substances like clay. These abnormal cravings are
sometimes associated with pregnancy.
Digestion & Vomiting Pathology
• Achlorhydria is the absence of hydrochloric acid from
gastric secretions
• Aerophagia?
• Eructation is the act of belching
• Dyspepsia?
• Emesis aka vomiting when stomach contents are expelled
through the stomach and out of the mouth
• Regurgitation is the return of swallowed food into the
mouth
• Hematemesis?
• Hyperemesis?
• Nausea
Intestinal Disorders
• Colorectal cancers
• Diverticulitis – inflammation of a diverticulum (pouch or
sac occurring in the lining or wall of the intestines)
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases – chronic disorders
– Colitis is inflammation of the colon
– Crohn’s disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes
scarring and thickening, most commonly in the walls of
the ileum, colon, or both
– Enteritis?
– Ileitis?
– Spastic colon or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a
disorder of the motility (movement) of the entire GI
tract. Symptoms are abdominal pain, nausea, gas,
constipation, and/or diarrhea
Intestinal Obstructions
• Ileus is a temporary stoppage of intestinal peristalsis may
be present for 24 to 72 hours after abdominal surgery
• Intestinal adhesions are where intestinal parts that
should normally be separate and held together. Caused
by inflammation or trauma.
• Intestinal obstruction is a complete stoppage or serious
impairment to the passage of the intestinal contents
• A strangulating obstruction is when blood flow to a
segment of intestine is cut off which leads to gangrene and
perforation
Intestinal Obsturctions Cont.
• Volvulus is twisting of the intestine
• Intussusception is the telescoping of one part of the
intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent
part. Typically a condition found in infants and young
children. Picture on page 151
• An inguinal hernia is the protrusion of a small loop of
bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall
or groin
Infections of the Intestines
• Amebic dysentery causes frequent, watery stools often
with blood and mucus accompanied by pain, fever, and
dehydration
• Botulism – food poisoning that is characterized by
paralysis and is often fatal
• Cholera causes severe diarrhea, vomiting, and
dehydrations that can be fatal if not treated
• E. coli causes watery diarrhea that becomes bloody but is
not usually accompanied by fever
• Salmonella causes severe diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting
accompanied by a high fever
• Typhoid fever causes headache, delirium, cough, watery
diarrhea, rash, and a high fever
Anorectal disorders
• Bowel incontinence is the inability to control the excretion
of feces
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Hemorrhoids aka piles
• Melena is the passage of black stools containing digested
blood
Liver Pathology
• Cirrhosis is a progressive degenerative disease of the
liver characterized by the disturbance of the structure and
function of the liver. It frequently results in jaundice and
ultimately hepatic failure
• Hepatomegaly?
• Hepatorrhexis?
• Jaundice aka icterus is a yellowish discoloration of the
skin and other tissues caused by excess bilirubin in the
blood
• Hepatitis?
• Hepatorrhagia?
Gallbladder Pathology
• Cholecystalgia?
• Cholecystitis?
• Gallstone or biliary calculus is a hard deposit that forms in
the gallbladder and bile ducts
• Cholelithiasis is the presence of gallstones in the
gallbladder or bile ducts
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
• Computed tomograhy (CT scan or CAT scan)
• Abdominal ultrasound
• Anoscopy is the visual exam of the anal canal and lower
rectum using a short speculum called an anoscope
• Upper GI series of barium swallow test
• Lower GI series, or barium enema
• Enema
• Hemoccult aka fecal occult blood test is a lab test for
hidden blood in the stools
• Stool samples
Endoscopic procedures
• An endoscope is an instrument used for visual examination
of internal structures. Endoscopes are also used for
obtaining biopsy samples, controlling bleeding, removing
foreign objects, and other surgical and treatment
procedures
– Colonoscopy
– Gastrointestinal endoscopy
– Proctoscopy
– Sigmoidoscopy
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
Medications
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Acid blockers
Antiemetic prevents nausea and vomiting
Emetic
Laxatives
Oral rehydration therapy
Oral cavity & Esophagus
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Esophagoplasty?
Extraction is the surgical removal of a tooth
Gingivectomy?
Maxillofacial surgery is specialized surgery of the face &
jaws to correct deformities, teat diseases, & repair injuries
• Palatoplasty?
Stomach
• Gastrectomy?
• Gastrotomy?
• Nasogastric intubation is the placement of a tube through
the nose and into the stomach
Intestines
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Anoplasty?
Colectomy?
Colotomy?
Diverticulectomy?
gastroduodenostomy is the removal of the pylorus of the
stomach & the establishment of an anastomosis (surgical
connection between 2 hollow or tubular structures)
between the upper portion of the stomach & the
duodenum
• Hemorrhoidectomy?
• Ileectomy?
Ostomies
• An ostomy is a surgical procedure to create and artificial
opening between an organ and the body surface. This
opening is called a stoma
– Gastrostomy
– Ileostomy
– Colostomy
Rectum & Anus
• Proctectomy
• Proctopexy is the surgical fixation of the rectum to an
adjacent tissue or organ
• Proctoplasty
Liver
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Hepatectomy
Hepatotomy
Hepatorrhaphy
Liver transplant
Gallbladder
• Choledocholithotomy is an incision into the common bile
duct for the removal of gallstones
• Laparoscopic cholecystectomy aka lap choley is the
surgical removal of the gallbladder using a laparoscope
and other instrument while working through very small
opening in the abdominal wall