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METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR POWERING A GEODESIC-FALL PROPULSION SYSTEM THRU USE OF SPACETIME TORSION 1. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Field of Invention The general area of technology is well defined in patent application METHODS & SYSTEMS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPULSION USING CONTROLLED GEODESIC-FALL by Charles W. Kellum The entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to methods and systems for generating and supplying electric power to a geodesic-fall propulsion system. Electric power is generated directly from spacetime. This generated electric power is then supplied, in a controlled manner, to a geodesic-fall propulsion system. This invention also includes a method and system to execute such a control function. Deriving energy (e.g. electric power) directly from spacetime utilizes the properties of spacetime termed curvature and torsion. Torsion can be viewed as a form of curvature. Torsion can be defined as spin, thus curvature and spin are properties of spacetime. Gravitation is the curvature of spacetime. Electromagnetism is the torsion (i.e. spinning) of spacetime. Fundamentally, two charged bodies of mass will exert a gravitational attraction on each other, and have a spin connection. These properties are expressed in Cartan Geometry, which can be viewed as a “generalization” (i.e. expansion) of the Riemann Geometry used in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. A single body will be affected by both gravitation and torsion (i.e. the curvature and the spinning of spacetime), acting on said body. While geodesic-fall uses electromagnetism to induce 1 spacetime curvature, this invention uses electromagnetism to amplify (via resonance) the effect of spacetime spin (i.e. torsion). At resonance, the force (Newtonian force) induced by the electromagnetic field (i.e. spin) interaction between the body and spacetime, is amplified. This force can be regarded as a field, expressed in spacetime potential Φ , and measured in volts. This resonance is termed spin-connection-resonance (SCR) in the (Cartan Geometry based) Evans-Cartan-Einstein Theory. The principles involved in the geodesic-fall process are shown in [1] and [14]. The EvansCartan-Einstein Theory (i.e. ECE-Theory) is presented in [2], and several other papers. The amplified Φ is used to power a geodesic-fall propulsion system. This invention includes a laboratory-scale system that can produce and demonstrate SCR, anti-gravity effects, and electric power generation from amplified Φ . This device can be used for advanced ECE-Theory based experiment and development. 2 1.1 Introduction A small-scale (laboratory) observation of geodesic-fall principles can be achieved by examining the dynamics of the Levitron [1]. The Levitron is a toy, but operates on magnetic-levitation (mag-lev)/counter-gravity principles. The most definitive paper on Levitron dynamics [1], views the device as a rotating dipole, in a magnetic field. Also it can be useful in demonstrating and observing principles involved in the geodesic-fall concept. A generic configuration, of a geodesic-fall propulsion system, is illustrated in a copy of Figure 1 below. Items M1 (i.e. ML) and M2 (i.e. MB) are electromagnetic devices. The item (s) represents a generic space vehicle. M 1 (s) M 2 Although this technology is focused primarily as a propulsion system for spacecraft, it can theoretically be applied to nearly all vehicles. Applications to the automotive industry might aid in reducing environmental concerns, oildependency, and safety related issues. The geodesic-fall technology represents a major departure from conventional approaches to vehicular propulsion. It is an 3 alternative to internal-combustion. This is fundamental, if environmental concerns are to be effectively addressed. For spacecraft applications, the speed of light is no longer a limit. Practical interplanetary travel (and perhaps interstellar travel) can be within reach. 4 1.1.1 Applicable Documents [1] "The Levitron: An adiabatic trap for spins” By: M. V. Berry; H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, UK The Royal Society London 1996 [2] “The Spinning and Curving of Spacetime: The Electromagnetic & Gravitational Field in the Evans Unified Field Theory” By: M. Evans; AIAS 2005 [3] “Ultrafast non-Thermal Control of Magnetization, By Instantaneous Photomagnetic Pulses” By. A. Kimel, et-al; Nature 435 pgs 655-7; 2005 [4] “Concepts and Ramifications of a Gauge Interpretation of Relativity” By: C. Kellum ; The Galactican Group, USA AIAS posting; April 2008 [5] "The B(3) Field as a Link Between Gravitation & Electromagnetism in the Vacuum" By: M. Evans; York University, Canada Foundations of Physics Letters, vol. 9, pgs 463-473; Oct. 1996 [6] “Spin Connected Resonance in Counter Gravitation” By: H. Eckardt, M. W. Evans AIAS (UFT posting [68]) [7] “Spin Connected Resonance in Gravitational General Relativity” By: M. W. Evans; Acta. Phys. Pol. B, vol. 38, No. 6, June 2007 AIAS (UFT posting [64] [8] “Resonant Counter Gravitation” By: M. W. Evans; AIAS (UFT posting [53]) 5 [9] “ECE Engineering Model” By: Horst. Eckardt, (AIAS posting) [10] “The resonant Coulomb Law of Einstein Cartan Evans Field Theory” By: M. W. Evans, H. Eckardt, AIAS (UFT posting [63]) [11] “Spacetime and Geometry; An introduction to General Relativity” By: Sean M. Carroll Addison Wesley .2004; ISBN 0-8053-8732-3 [12] “Devices for Space-Time Resonance Based on ECE-Theory” By: Horst Eckardt AIAS posting 2008 [13] “Counter-Gravitation at Spin Connection Resonance” By: Myron W. Evans AIAS (UFT posting 116 (1)) 2008 [14] “Curvature-based Propulsion Laboratory-Scale Demonstration Report” By: C. Kellum ; The Galactican Group, USA June 2008 6 1.2 Overview It has been proven [2]-[5], that electromagnetism and gravitation are both manifestations of spacetime curvature, and functionally equivalent. Specifically, the ECE-Theory shows gravitation is the curvature of spacetime, and electromagnetism is the torsion of spacetime. In terms of differential geometry, torsion can be viewed as a form of curvature. Induced spacetime curvature creates geodesic paths that a vehicle can move/fall along. Thus, a propulsion system capability is realized. The velocity, of the fall along the induced geodesic path, is not bounded by the speed-of-light. The velocity constraint is the degree of induced spacetime curvature. The standard speed-of-light ( c ) can be exceeded with sufficient induced curvature of spacetime. Estimates suggest that magnetic field strengths of 10-20 teslas are sufficient for a 1st system capability. These field strengths are within the capabilities of present technology. The Levitron offers an observable, duplicable, laboratory-scale example of a geodesic-fall process. In this document we discuss and analyze this factor. We can thus view the Levitron as a lab-scale demonstration of a geodesic-fall process. The Levitron instability (which causes the Levitron-top to fall away from its base, when there is sufficient rpm/spin degradation) is an example of uncontrolled geodesic-fall. The full geodesic-fall process is a controlled version of the instability exhibited by the Levitron-top. The control mechanisms are briefly discussed below. 7 1.2.1 Background From [2], the definitions in this section are used. The general framework of this discussion is taken as two coordinate systems. Generally, an affine connection exists on a smooth manifold, and connects nearby tangent spaces (e.g. coordinate systems) to that manifold. In oversimplification, a Cartan connection is a generalization of an affine connection. The coordinate systems of the top and of the base are considered. An affine connection is; Γλν µ = {λ µ ν } = ( ∂xλ ⁄ ξα ) ( ∂²ξα ⁄ ∂xµ ∂xν ) Where; → → xµ , xν are the (translation and rotation) coordinates of the base ξα is a free falling coordinate system Γµνk is a gamma connection of differential geometry Γµνk ≠ Γνµ k → gamma connection is not symmetric in Cartan geometry (a generalization of the Riemann geometry used in Relativity theory) T λ µν = q λ a T a µν R λ σµν = ∂ν Γ σ µν → torsion tensor (where q is a tetrad/frame-field) − ∂µ Γ σνλ + Γ σνρ Γρµλ is the Riemann Curvature Tensor 8 − Γ σµρ Γρνλ 2. SUMMARY OF INVENTION Using the ECE field equations from [2], one can define a curvature-based analysis of the Levitron. Focusing on functional equivalencies of F and Gµν we have ∫ F dqi = ∆Φtop ; where Φtop is the potential energy of the top From [1], the forces F on the Levitron top (gravitational and magnetic) are defined as follows; F = − mgez + ∇ µ (t) • B (r) ; where: µ (t) is the top’s vector moment (the top considered as a magnetic dipole) µ (t) X B (r) is the magnetic torque Equilibrium is achieved if ∇ Φtop = 0 . If ∂2Φtop ⁄ ∂z2 > 0 , vertical stability is achieved. Horizontal stability is achieved when ∂2Φtop ⁄ ∂x∂y > 0 . Considering the field equations of the ECE-Theory, we can write them in a simplified Einsteinlike form from [2]; Gµν = – К Tµν + ℓTλµν where; --- К and ℓ are constants --- Tµν is the energy-momentum density --- the torsion/spin Tλµν is accounted for in the ECE-Theory If ; Gµν = Rµν – ½ Rgµν , with Ricci tensor Rµν and metric tensor gµν asymmetric (as defined in the ECE-Theory) Then; Their components are anti-symmetric, representing spin. We then have equivalencies; F ≈ Gµν Thus, spin, → ℓTλµν ≈ ∇ µ (t) • B (r) | B (r) | , and curvature are related. QED 9 The greater the spin and/or the greater the B field strength, the greater the induced curvature that causes these conditions. The top’s spin acts as a driving function to amplify Φ (the scalar potential), and thus enhance counter-gravitation between the top & base, at resonance. This spin connection resonance (SCR) is defined in [6] thru [8]. As shown above, it too is needed to counter Gµν . References [6] thru [8] also provide insight as to which kind of resonances can be expected. The induced curvature counters gravitation, in this Levitron case. Changes in spin, due to friction and other mechanical forces, reduce induced curvature. This causes instability in the Levitron device, resulting in the Levitron’s top to fall away form its equilibrium position above the Levitron’s base. The observed behavior of the device conforms to this analysis, and the analysis given in [1]. The geodesic-fall propulsion concept utilizes induced spacetime curvature, similar to the Levitron mag-lev process. Thus the Levitron’s instability-behavior (i.e. the top’s fall away from the base) is similar to a vehicle under geodesic-fall propulsion. However said vehicle’s fall along a geodesic path is controlled, and not an instability condition. The parameters governing the instabilities exhibited by the Levitron, can be properly controlled to provide a command & control method for the geodesic-fall process. Overall, the Levitron illustrates an application of induced spacetime curvature. It can be used to better understand the principles governing geodesic-fall. It should be clear that magnetic forces are not used “directly” to drive the vehicle. 10 2.1 Overview of Basic Geodesic-Fall Concept Gravitation is a manifestation of spacetime curvature. It is shown by the derivation of geodesics in a neighborhood. Gravity and electromagnetism are both manifestations of spacetime curvature. They are respectively the symmetric and antisymetric parts of the Ricci Tensor. The Ricci Tensor is a second order covariant tensor, formed by the contraction of the curvature tensor ßmikj , and usually denoted as Rij . It is used to analytically express the curvature of spacetime, in a specified neighborhood, at a specified time. Dynamic spacetime curvature thus could be viewed as an event in spacetime. If said neighborhood is defined as the immediate vicinity of a vehicle (wherein said vehicle possesses a configuration of electromagnetic devices, such that said devices project an electromagnetic field (i.e. bubble), in/about the neighborhood of said vehicle), the vehicle could move/fall along the geodesic produced by manipulating the curvature of said neighborhood. The process is thus called "geodesic-fall". The equivalence of gravity and electromagnetism has been established. The process of magnetic levitation (mag-lev) is described in [4]. This mag-lev process, where; MB ═> strength of base magnet ML ═> strength of levitation magnet (usually attached to a vehicle, such as a mag-lev train) is equivalent to the geodesic-fall process presented in this document. The force between the base (MB) and the vehicle (ML) is referred to as the heave-force h, in 11 mag-lev applications. The heave-force neutralizes gravity locally. This is a manifestation of spacetime curvature, and one has the following; h = h (MB , ML) h ≈ H, where: H = H(MB , ML) Before deriving an elementary set of equations-of-motion for H it is useful to summarize the geodesic-fall. In a generalized mag-lev application, the basemagnet MB and the lev-magnet ML are both connected to the vehicle undergoing geodesic-fall (H). The process of geodesic-fall is to induce spacetime curvature, and fall along the geodesic resulting from said induced curvature. While under geodesicfall (H) the process continues. At a point i, along the initial geodesic-fall path H0 , curvature is induced forming Hi (the ith geodesic-fall path). Thus, between a pointof-origin po and a destination point pd, the vehicular trajectory is a sequence of geodesic-fall vectors { Hi } │i ε N+ which are bounded by H0 (the initial geodesicfall vector) and the vector Hd (the final vector of the sequence). The heave-force h is now used to derive an expression for H (MB , ML). 12 The Ricci Tensor (in terms of ML and MB) can define the heaveforce/induced-curvature of the mag-lev effect resulting from ML and MB . From reference [4], (noting that a vector is a tensor of rank 1), an expression for induced spacetime curvature is derived. From [5], we have a heave force F, which acts against gravity, and can thus be viewed as an example of induced spacetime curvature. F (a heave force between two magnets) is defined as follows; F = MLMB ⁄ r2 (where r is the distance between magnets ML and MB) Rµν = – К Tµν is the Ricci Tensor, Tµν is the Energy-momentum Tensor, and µν are translation and rotation coordinates respectively. If F and Rµν are both expressions of spacetime curvature, one has the following; MLMB ⁄ r2 ≈ – К Tµν ≈ Rµν (ML , MB) =H With an expression for H in terms of ML and MB , it is possible to define a set of “equations-of-motion” for the geodesic-fall process. Definitions: H --- the (ML and MB induced curvature) geodesic path velocity of a vehicle ∫ H dt --- position (along the induced curvature) geodesic path dH ⁄ dt --- acceleration (along the induced curvature) geodesic path The curvature induced by ML and MB is equivalent to the heave-force h (i.e. maglev effect) induced by ML and MB . This defines a simple set of equations-ofmotion for geodesic-fall. 13 2.2 Equations-of-Motion Conclusions Gravitation and Electromagnetism are respectively the symmetric and antisymetric parts of the Ricci Tensor, within a proportionality factor. Gravitation and electromagnetism are both expressions of spacetime curvature. Thus the mag-lev heave-force is also an expression of spacetime curvature, and h and H are arguably equivalent. Arguably, these concepts can be applied to planetary vehicles, as well as spacecraft. Obviously, a more rigorous derivation can lead to a fully comprehensive set of equations-of-motion for geodesic-fall. The purpose here was to further illustrate the geodesic-fall process, and to illustrate that process in an experimental (laboratory-scale) framework. 14 2.3 An Implementation Approach Considering the vehicle configuration on page 1. two magnets M1 and M2 are used as sources for the induced spacetime curvature. Each magnet can be implemented as an array of electromagnets. These electromagnetic elements, of each array, can be sequentially excited such that a virtual spin is produced. The rate of this virtual spin, and the field strength of the electromagnetic elements, are control parameters for a geodesic-fall control mechanism. From basic principles of geodesic-fall, the electromagnets are used to induce spacetime curvature in the neighborhood of the vehicle, in such manner as to cause that vehicle to fall along the resulting geodesic path. Considering ECE-Theory, the induced curvature can be significantly enhanced at SCR. If, for example, one considers the resonance equation 14.32 of [6], d²Φ ⁄ dr² + (1 ⁄ r – ωint) dΦ ⁄ dr – (1 ⁄ r² + ωint ⁄ r) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0 14.32 of [6] Where; ωint → the interaction spin connection amplification of Φ (the scalar potential) at resonance can result in significant curvature inducement. Thus, geodesic-fall effects can be practically achieved. Analytically, the following argument presents; Let: M1 = ∇ µ1 (t) • B1 (r) , M2 = ∇ µ2 (t) • B2 (r) Where; Bi = Σ BI j , BI j → the jth element of Mi < Summation is over j =1 to n > ( ∇ µ1 (t) • B1 (r) + ∇ µ2 (t) • B2 (r) ) = Φ λ Thus Φ λ is the potential, due to counter-(virtual) rotation of M1 and M2 , in the neighborhood of the vehicle. Substituting Φ λ into 14.32 of [6], can give insight as to field dynamics in this neighborhood. 15 Now considering Coulombs Law ∇ • E = ρ ⁄ ε0 , one also has E = ∇ Φ . Using Φ λ one has the following; ∇ ² Φ λ = ρ ⁄ ε0 which is the driving function for the resonance equation 14.32 of [6]. The driving term depends on the magnitude & spin of M1 and M2 , in this case. Thus, theoretically, these parameters of M1 and M2 can be adjusted for maximum SCR, resulting in maximum induced spacetime curvature. From the above discussion, one has a method to control induced spacetime curvature, from 0 to some maximum value. Also, the direction of the resulting geodesic path can be controlled in this manner. At this juncture, an array implementation of M1 and/or M2 sources, appears to offer a highest level of flexibility. It is important to note that this discussion is presented as an example approach to geodesic-fall implementation. Any implementation effort would obviously be driven by the particular vehicular application being addressed. Such applications could range from spacecraft propulsion, to automotive applications, to nautical applications. 16 2.3.1 Powering a Geodesic-Fall System A generic geodesic-fall propulsion system is “functionally controlled” by the electromagnetic arrays M1 and M2 . We note (in this context) that an array can have a single element. Powering a geodesic-fall propulsion system consists of supplying electric power to M1 and M2. This can be done conventionally with batteries/generators aboard a vehicle. This approach has the traditional constraints of fuel requirements, weight, cooling, etc. An advanced approach to electric power generation might address these issues. For such an advanced approach, one can look to the ECE-Theory, and to the work of ECE Technologies, Ltd. Their primary work is focused on deriving electrical energy directly from spacetime, by using SCR to amplify the scalar potential (measured in voltage), and tap off portions of that amplified energy, as electrical power. This concept is detailed in [6] thru [9]. This , coupled with Geodesic-fall, would enable a continuous power source for a geodesic-fall propulsion system. The conventional constraints and issues involved with vehicular electric power generation could be effectively addressed/eliminated. As a further consideration (in addition to spacecraft velocities unconstrained by c), these concepts applied to planetary vehicles (e.g. the automotive industry) could eventually eliminate the issues of fossil-fuels, consumption, global warming, oil dependency. These concepts are a viable alternative to internal combustion. The remainder of this section 4.3.1 presents a (geodesic-fall oriented) overview of the electrical energy generation concepts derived from the ECE- 17 Theory. An initial merging of the geodesic-fall propulsion system technologies and the ECE energy generation technologies is discussed and illustrated. 2.3.1.1 Generic Concepts We start by considering the Coulomb Law under ECE-Theory. From [9] we have; ∇ • E = ρ ⁄ ε0 Where: E = – ∂A ⁄ ∂t – ∇ Φ – ω0A + ωΦ ∇ • (– ∂A ⁄ ∂t – ∇ Φ – ω0A + ωΦ) = ρ ⁄ ε0 In spherical coordinates we have the resonance equation 14.32 of [6]; d²Φ ⁄ dr² + (1 ⁄ r – ωint) dΦ ⁄ dr – (1 ⁄ r² + ωint ⁄ r) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0 Where; ωint → the interaction spin connection Considering the Poisson equation { ∇ 2Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0 } of the Standard Model, and introducing the vector spin connection ω of the ECE-Theory, one has the following: ∇ • ( ∇ Φ + ω Φ ) = – ρ ⁄ ε0 The ECE Poisson equation ∇ 2Φ + ω • ∇ Φ + ( ∇ • ω) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0 9.6 of [10] This equation, 9.6 of [10], has resonance solutions. From the ECE-Theory and [11], it is shown that the gravitational field curves spacetime. It is also shown that the electromagnetic field curves spacetime, but by spinning spacetime. Considering Φ , measured in voltage, as the spacetime potential, it is clear that Φ is amplified at resonance. At resonance, the force (Newtonian force) induced by the electromagnetic field interaction between a body (e.g. mass) and spacetime, is amplified. One can regard this force in terms of a field. This field can be expressed in terms of spacetime potential Φ . The effect of this 18 amplification can be viewed in two ways. It can be viewed as a counter-gravity mechanism. It can be viewed as an electric power source. Viewed as a counter-gravity mechanism, one considers the interaction of two charged bodies of mass Mα and Mβ respectively. The total potential energy is then ΦTot = Φe + ΦM Where: Φe ΦM Φint + Φint → is the electric potential → is the gravitational potential → is the interaction energy between Mα & Mβ At resonance, ΦTot is greatly amplified, thus Φin is amplified. This can cause Φe (the electric potential) to overcome ΦM (the gravitational potential). This phenomenon can be interpreted as induced “negative” curvature, where “positive” curvature is interpreted to be the natural curvature of spacetime. The result is anti-gravitational effects. The Levitron device, and the Geodesic-Fall concepts are examples of such induced spacetime curvature. From the viewpoint of electric power generation, the amplified ΦTot can be tapped to bleed-off excess electric energy. Arguably, this amounts to a continuously available power source, directly from spacetime. This electric energy could be used to power the electromagnetic sources M1 and M2 of a geodesic-fall propulsion system process. For some applications, of the geodesicfall propulsion system, additional electromagnetic sources Mp1 and Mp2 could be used solely for power generation. An example of such an implementation is illustrated in Figure 7. The Mp1 and Mp2 (power generation) sources could also be implemented as arrays of electromagnetic elements. Thus they would also have the flexibility to enable counter-rotating magnetic fields, in order to produce 19 the most efficient driving functions to achieve the desired resonance (SCR) effects. It is important to note that, from the engineering/implementation perspective, an array structure (of electromagnetic elements) permitting “virtual rotation” of the magnetic fields, eliminates mechanical issues involved in physically rotating a magnetic device, especially a large device. Given the resonance equation 9.6 of [10], also equation 12 of [12]; ∇ 2Φ + ω • ∇ Φ + ( ∇ • ω) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0 9.6 of [10] An equivalent RLC circuit can be defined as in Figure 4. to analyze this circuit, equation 15 of [13] can be used; L dq ⁄ dt2 + R dq ⁄ dt + q ⁄ c = ε0 cos ωt Where: ω ≈ R ∇• ω ≈ 1 ⁄ c q ≈ Φ As shown in [13], if the damping term (R dq ⁄ dt ) is eliminated, resonance occurs when; ω = (LC) – ½ then q → ∞ . For circuits such as this, proper adjustment of the capacitance can achieve resonance. Generally, the amplified Φ , fed into a geodesic-fall propulsion system, can act as a power source. The type of circuit illustrated in Figure 4 is the conceptual basis for a control subsystem for the geodesic-fall propulsion system operation. The primary function of a geodesic-fall control subsystem is to regulate the amount of amplified Φ that is fed to said geodesic-fall propulsion system. The power levels control the degree of induced spacetime curvature produced by the geodesic-fall propulsion system operational process. The generic architecture for 20 such geodesic-fall control subsystem is illustrated in Figures 2 thru 4. Selected tapping points shown in Figures 2 and 3 can include an adjustable filter device/system (such as illustrated in Figure 6a) to control the amount of tapped energy transferred to the geodesic-fall propulsion system. Finally, one can use variations of the geodesic-fall propulsion system architecture to show both the power-generation aspect and the anti-gravity aspect of the amplification of Φ . The geodesic-fall propulsion system architecture includes two magnetic sources. Counter-rotating these sources to achieve SCR is discussed in[14]. A power generation type demonstration device (using counter-rotation of magnetic fields) is discussed in [12], and illustrated in figs. 13 and 14 of[12]. The Levitron device [1] also employs the principal of rotating magnetic fields. As discussed in [14], the Levitron device produces antigravity effects by fundamentally employing an SCR process (generated from spinning magnets) to produce an anti-gravity result. Considering the electric power generation aspect, one can examine fig. 13 of [12], and Figures 6 and 6a of this application. From above discussions, one remembers that Figures 6 and 6a also illustrate an architecture for control subsystems (of geodesic-fall propulsion systems). Thus, by amplifying Φ , one has a means to power a geodesic-fall propulsion system, a means to generate electrical energy, plus a device architecture to demonstrate and study such processes. 21 2.4 Prior Art As shown in [14], the LEVITRON device [1] uses the concept of a spinning magnet (i.e. rotating magnetic field) to achieve SCR and produce an anti-gravity effect. The LEVITRON device is a toy top that can be made to spin while levitated above a magnetic base. Some West Coast toy companies market the toy. Physical principles governing the LEVITRON are similar to those exploited by the geodesic-fall process. The LEVITRON device is arguably a “miniaturized” example of a mag-lev like process. Aspects of the LEVITRON device behavior are used herein to illustrate the geodesic-fall process dynamics, on the laboratory scale. The discussions in [14] show the LEVITRON to be sufficient for demonstration of anti-gravity effects due to rotating magnetic fields. This antigravity condition is an induced curvature of spacetime. This is shown in [2] thru [8]. 22 3. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Fig. 1 Geodesic-Fall Generic architecture Fig. 2 Geodesic-Fall equivalent circuit Fig. 3 Geodesic-Fall equivalent circuit (magnetic devices) Fig. 4 Generic serial resonant circuit Fig. 5 Basic Levitron device configuration Fig. 6 Anti-gravity/electric-power generation Demonstration & Analysis device Fig. 6a Control subsystem (for Demonstration & Analysis device) Fig. 7 Enhanced Geodesic-Fall architecture Fig. 8 Geodesic-Fall application (planetary vehicle propulsion) 23 4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION The invention has several fundamental embodiments which are described in the following sections. Other embodiments are derived from these fundamental embodiments. Regarding Figure 1, A generic configuration, of a geodesic-fall propulsion system, is illustrated the figure below. Items M1 (i.e. ML) and M2 (i.e. MB) are electromagnetic devices. The item (s) represents a generic space vehicle. Regarding Figure 2, a geodesic-fall equivalent circuit is illustrated. Considering energy/power, the SCR enhanced (spacetime potential energy Φ) voltage could possibly be also used to power a geodesic-fall propulsion system. A percentage of the amplified Φ could be used to power the electromagnetic sources (M1 and M2) of the geodesic-fall process, instead of generic electric power generation methods. The bulk of the enhanced Φ voltage would remain for use directly by the geodesic-fall process. Again considering the energy production process, The tapping points are obviously Ures1 and Ures2 (from the notation of [10]), where M1 and M2 are as defined above. In the generic geodesic-fall process, M1 and M2 are active electromagnetic arrays. The resistances Mi are replaced by generic RLC serial resonance circuits represented by the Zi elements, in Figure 3. The configuration, of the Zi elements, is illustrated in Figure 4. The virtual spin of the electromagnetic arrays, and the magnetic strength of the array elements, are adjusted to achieve a resonance condition (amplification of Φ), by controlling the initial driving function. During a power generation cycle, the amplified Φ is used to provide power directly from 24 spacetime. During a geodesic-fall cycle, the amplified Φ is used to induce spacetime curvature. Operationally, the resonance medium is the electromagnetic bubble, which is the resultant electromagnetic field projected (in the neighborhood of a vehicle) by sources Mi and Mj attached to said vehicle. Regarding Figure 3, a geodesic-fall equivalent circuit (utilizing magnetic devices) is illustrated. The tapping points, and conceptual operational principles remain, as in Figure 2. Regarding Figure 4, a generic serial resonant circuit is illustrated. The Zi elements of Figure 3, have this generic RLC configuration for a serial resonate circuit. Regarding Figure 5, the basic configuration of the Levitron device is illustrated. We can examine the geodesic-fall process by observing the Levitron device dynamics. In this section, we view the Levitron as a laboratory-scale functional equivalent of the geodesic-fall process. The mag-lev process of the Levitron, and its stability dynamics, provide an observable (laboratory-scale) basis for examination of the geodesic-fall process. By examining a planetary (land-car/automotive) application, of geodesic-fall propulsion, some insight into the geodesic-fall process and its overall utility can be gained. Starting with the basics of the Levitron device, one can see that it neutralizes gravity. From [2] and [4], we know that neutralization of gravity involves inducing spacetime curvature in such manner as to eliminate the normal curvature inherent in the operational neighborhood of the Levitron. If one extends thus concept outside of the laboratory-scale (e.g. where the Levitron’s top is replaced with a vehicle), the 25 same general result could theoretically be expected, with proper magnetic alignments and field strengths. Regarding Figure 6, a device configuration (suitable for laboratory-scale usage, or full size applications) is illustrated. The purposes of this device are production of electric energy and production of anti-gravity conditions. The device can be used to demonstrate SCR, to refine methods of attaining SCR, and to examine SCR related conditions. The device can be implemented on the laboratory-scale, or up-scaled for real applications. The device consists of two magnetic sources 61, which can be implemented as magnetic disks or as arrays of electromagnetic elements. The two control mechanisms 64, are each used to control one of the magnetic sources. If a magnetic source 61 is implemented as a simple magnetic disk, its control mechanism 64 can be a simple rotary motor. In this case, the magnetic source 61, and control mechanism 64, can be connected by a simple shaft, as indicated by the dark vertical line between devicecomponents 61 and 64. If a magnetic source 61 is implemented as an array of electromagnetic elements, its control mechanism 64 controls the activation/deactivation sequence and field strength of the array elements. This element activation/deactivation sequence is such as to generate a “virtual rotation” of the magnetic source 61. A single device could employ both types of implementation, depending on application and operational requirements. The dielectric material 62 is used in the process of electric energy generation. The electric energy is generated by dynamics of the magnetic field, produced by the counter-rotating magnetic sources 61, interacting with the 26 dielectric material 62. This process is defined in [12] and [14]. The dielectric material 62 is removed from the stand 63, when generation of anti-gravity effects is desired. The area 61a, between the magnetic sources becomes an anti-gravity “bubble”, wherein anti-gravity effects can be examined and utilized. Such is a basis of the geodesic-fall propulsion concept, and the electric power generation concept of zero-gravity MHD power generation, presented in patent application ENHANCED MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC (MHD) ELECTRICPOWER GENERATION IN A GRAVITY-NEUTRAL ENVIRONMENT; by Charles W. Kellum wherein an MHD process is conducted within the “bubble”, produced by a large application-scale embodiment of the device. The control circuit 65, and its initialization battery power subsystem 65a, is used to control the electric energy feed, from the device when the electric power generation application is in operation. The electric power is distributed to the motors 64. It is important to note that the device of Figure 6 is obviously not an “over unity” device. It is however, an efficient, multi-purpose system that (for some applications) can generate some of its own power, after initial startup. Regarding Figure 6a, a control system for the electric power generation process, of the Figure 6 device, is illustrated. It consists of an initialization battery subsystem, an XOR-gate device 66, an OR-gate device 67, and an optional delay circuit 68. The purpose of the delay circuit 68 is to shut-off the battery source 65a, after the electric power generation process has started, defined when line (a) becomes active. When line (a) becomes active, line (b) cuts-off, and only line (a) powers the motors (i.e. control systems) 64. The optional delay 27 circuit 68 prevents premature cut-off of power from initializing battery subsystem 65a, by delaying the active signal (a) to the control switch 69. When 69 receives an active input, it breaks the connection between 65a and XOR-gate device 66. Regarding Figure 7, the architecture of Figure 1 is enhanced to illustrate the use of magnetic sources Mp1 and Mp2 applied directly to electric power generation. For a space vehicle application such as is here illustrated, the sources Mp1 and Mp2 could be implemented as arrays of electromagnetic elements for a “virtual rotation” operation. The ship (s) would have dielectric type material for part of its hull, thus enabling the generic electric power generation process of the system defined in Figure 6. For optimal field configurations, the “bubble” (b) could also be enhanced, thus increasing the overall efficiency of the geodesic-fall process. It is important to note that for large-scale implementations, such as space vehicles, “virtual rotation” eliminates difficult mechanical issues inherent in attempting to rotate a large object such as the magnetic sources applied to geodesic-fall. Regarding Figure 8, a planetary vehicle application, of the geodesic-fall propulsion concept, is shown. M1 is logically equivalent to the Mtop of the Levitron. M2 is the base magnet. It is produced (using the IFE, [2] - [3]) dynamically, by a plasma field P emanating from the underside of the vehicle, which is impacted by circularly polarized lasers L attached under the vehicle. The magnets M1 and M2 are configured in such manner as to utilize the planetary magnetic field, in a way 28 similar to the Levitron devices’ use a Perpetuator [14]. The Perpetuator device provides a pulsed magnetic field, in the vertical direction, that enhances the stability of the Levitron’s top. The plasma field P and/or L rotate to produce a rotating magnetic field for an M2 implementation. The M1 electromagnetic array can be a “virtually rotating” source. 29 It is expected that the present invention and many of its attendant advantages will be understood from the forgoing description and it will be apparent that various changes may be made in form, implementation, and arrangement of the components, systems, and subsystems thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention or sacrificing all of its material advantages, the forms hereinbefore described being merely preferred or exemplary embodiments thereof. The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented to illustrate the principles of the invention and not to limit the particular embodiment illustrated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by all of the embodiments encompassed within the following claims and their equivalents. 30 What is claimed : 1. A method for powering a geodesic-fall propulsion system process (also referred to as a geodesic-fall process) wherein power is derived directly from spacetime, by utilization of spacetime curvature, in the form of spacetime torsion (as defined by the ECE-Theory), wherein SCR (Spin Connection Resonance) is used to amplify spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage), wherein said amplified potential energy is used as the power-source to drive the electromagnetic sources of a geodesic-fall process; 2. A method for controlling a geodesic-fall process wherein the amount of amplified spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage) being fed into the geodesic-fall process determines the activation of the electromagnetic, the field strength of the electromagnetic sources, and the parameters of the drivingfunction (used to attain SCR), wherein said parameters control the degree of induced spacetime curvature produced by the geodesic-fall process; 3. A method for production of anti-gravity effects, from counter-rotating magnetic fields, by utilization of counter-rotating electromagnetic sources (attached to a vehicle) to produce an anti-gravity condition in the neighborhood about said vehicle, such that said anti-gravity condition (i.e. induced spacetime curvature) results in a geodesic path along which said vehicle can fall, wherein the velocity of said geodesic-fall is not constrained by the speed-of-light, whereby 31 the neighborhood about said vehicle (in which said anti-gravity/inducespacetime-curvature occurs) is referred to as a “bubble”; 4. A method for laboratory-scale production of both electric power, and anti- gravity effects from counter-rotating magnetic fields, by utilization of counterrotating electromagnetic sources, whereby said electromagnetic power generation processes, and said anti-gravity (i.e. induced spacetime curvature) generation processes can be analyzed, demonstrated, optimized, and up-scaled for applications; 5. The method of claim 3, wherein said counter-rotating magnetic fields produce a proper driving-function such that resonance (i.e. Spin Connection Resonance) is attained resulting in the amplification of spacetime potential energy (in the neighborhood/”bubble” surrounding said vehicle), such that sufficient power is available to said electromagnetic sources, so as to produce the necessary degree of induced spacetime curvature, such that the desired geodesic-fall process results; 6. A system for powering a geodesic-fall propulsion system process (also referred to as a geodesic-fall process) wherein power is derived directly from spacetime, by utilization of spacetime curvature, in the form of spacetime torsion (as defined by the ECE-Theory), wherein SCR (Spin Connection Resonance) is 32 used to amplify spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage), wherein said amplified potential energy is used as the power-source to drive the electromagnetic sources of a geodesic-fall process, wherein this system for powering constitutes a continuously available power source for a geodesic-fall propulsion system; 7. A system for controlling a geodesic-fall process wherein the amount of amplified spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage) being fed into said geodesic-fall process determines the activation of the electromagnetic, the field strength of (and the activation sequence of) the electromagnetic sources, and the parameters of the driving-function (used to attain SCR), wherein said parameters control the degree of induced spacetime curvature produced by the geodesic-fall process, whereby this control system is a subsystem of a geodesic-fall propulsion system; 8. A system for production of anti-gravity effects, from counter-rotating magnetic fields, by utilization of counter-rotating electromagnetic sources (attached to a vehicle) to produce an anti-gravity condition in the neighborhood about said vehicle, such that said anti-gravity condition (i.e. induced spacetime curvature) results in a geodesic path along which said vehicle can fall, wherein the velocity of said geodesic-fall is not constrained by the speed-of-light, whereby 33 the neighborhood about said vehicle (in which said anti-gravity/inducespacetime-curvature occurs) is referred to as a “bubble”; 9. A system for laboratory-scale production of both electric-power, and anti- gravity effects from counter-rotating magnetic fields, by utilization of counterrotating electromagnetic sources, wherein said anti-gravity effects can also produce an anti-gravity environment (e.g. zero-gravity, negative gravity) suitable for testing & evaluating processes such as attainment of resonance (SCR) and related experiments, wherein said electric power generation processes, and said anti-gravity (i.e. induced spacetime curvature) generation processes can be analyzed, demonstrated, optimized, and up-scaled for applications, whereby said applications can include creation of an anti-gravity environment to enhance alternative methods for the production of electric power, such as MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) processes in zero-gravity; 10. The system of claim 8, wherein said electromagnetic sources are implemented as arrays of electromagnetic elements, wherein said electromagnetic elements can be independently activated, wherein an activation sequence can activate/deactivate said electromagnetic array elements in a circular sequence, resulting in a “virtual rotation” of said electromagnetic sources, in such manner that said electromagnetic sources are virtually counter-rotating (thus enabling counter-rotating magnetic fields), wherein the velocity of virtual 34 rotation of each electromagnetic source is determined by its individual activation/deactivation sequence of its array elements, wherein said “individual activation/deactivation sequence” is a function of the geodesic-fall control subsystem (defined in claim 7) for the electromagnetic sources; 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the virtual-rotation process avoids the inherent mechanical difficulties (including reliability issues) involved in the physical rotation of large objects, such as electromagnetic sources for vehicular applications, wherein flexibility and adaptability are primary operational requirements; 12. The system of claim 10, wherein said electromagnetic sources are partially implemented as arrays of electromagnetic elements, wherein said electromagnetic array elements can be independently activated, wherein an activation sequence can activate/deactivate said electromagnetic array elements in a circular sequence, resulting in a “virtual rotation” of said array implemented partial electromagnetic sources, whereby such array implementation of parts of an electromagnetic source might be optimal for specific applications. 35 ABSTRACT The geodesic-fall propulsion concept uses induced spacetime curvature as its primary mechanism. From the ECE-Theory, it is known that spacetime curvature also includes torsion. Fundamentally, gravitation is a curvature manifestation. Electromagnetism is a spacetime torsion manifestation. Thus both gravitation and electromagnetism can be viewed as functionally equivalent, and manifestations of spacetime curvature. The potential energy of spacetime (measured in voltage) can be amplified, in a neighborhood of spacetime, by inducing a resonance condition, in that neighborhood. This resonance, referred to as SCR (Spin Connection Resonance), is achieved by coupling with the torsion of spacetime through utilization of a proper drivingfunction to produce resonance. This amplified potential energy can be used as an electric power source. The invention applies this amplified energy to power a geodesic-fall propulsion system process. The invention includes a generic control-system for regulating the power feed to a geodesic-fall propulsion system. Also, a device for generating SCR, on the laboratoryscale, is defined. This device can be up-scaled for practical applications. 36 M1 (s) M2 Fig. 1 37 • • • Ures1 • M1 Uemf • • Fig. 2 38 M2 • Ures2 • • • ZM1 Uemf • • Fig. 3 39 • Ures1 • ZM2 • Ures2 • • Uemf • Fig. 4 40 (s) ML MB Fig. 5 41 64 61 63 61a 62 65 61 64 69 65a Fig. 6 42 66 b 67 a 68 69 Fig. 6a 43 M1 Mp1 (s) b Mp2 M2 Fig. 7 44 M1 (s) L P M2 Fig. 8 45 L 46