Download METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR POWERING A

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR POWERING A GEODESIC-FALL
PROPULSION SYSTEM THRU USE OF SPACETIME TORSION
1.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Field of Invention
The general area of technology is well defined in patent application
METHODS & SYSTEMS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPULSION USING
CONTROLLED GEODESIC-FALL by Charles W. Kellum
The entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates to methods and systems for generating and
supplying electric power to a geodesic-fall propulsion system. Electric power is
generated directly from spacetime. This generated electric power is then
supplied, in a controlled manner, to a geodesic-fall propulsion system. This
invention also includes a method and system to execute such a control function.
Deriving energy (e.g. electric power) directly from spacetime utilizes the
properties of spacetime termed curvature and torsion. Torsion can be viewed as
a form of curvature. Torsion can be defined as spin, thus curvature and spin are
properties of spacetime. Gravitation is the curvature of spacetime.
Electromagnetism is the torsion (i.e. spinning) of spacetime. Fundamentally, two
charged bodies of mass will exert a gravitational attraction on each other, and
have a spin connection. These properties are expressed in Cartan Geometry,
which can be viewed as a “generalization” (i.e. expansion) of the Riemann
Geometry used in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. A single body will be affected
by both gravitation and torsion (i.e. the curvature and the spinning of spacetime),
acting on said body. While geodesic-fall uses electromagnetism to induce
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spacetime curvature, this invention uses electromagnetism to amplify (via
resonance) the effect of spacetime spin (i.e. torsion).
At resonance, the force (Newtonian force) induced by the electromagnetic
field (i.e. spin) interaction between the body and spacetime, is amplified. This
force can be regarded as a field, expressed in spacetime potential Φ , and
measured in volts. This resonance is termed spin-connection-resonance (SCR)
in the (Cartan Geometry based) Evans-Cartan-Einstein Theory. The principles
involved in the geodesic-fall process are shown in [1] and [14]. The EvansCartan-Einstein Theory (i.e. ECE-Theory) is presented in [2], and several other
papers. The amplified Φ is used to power a geodesic-fall propulsion system.
This invention includes a laboratory-scale system that can produce and
demonstrate SCR, anti-gravity effects, and electric power generation from
amplified Φ . This device can be used for advanced ECE-Theory based
experiment and development.
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1.1
Introduction
A small-scale (laboratory) observation of geodesic-fall principles can be
achieved by examining the dynamics of the Levitron [1]. The Levitron is a toy, but
operates on magnetic-levitation (mag-lev)/counter-gravity principles. The most
definitive paper on Levitron dynamics [1], views the device as a rotating dipole, in
a magnetic field. Also it can be useful in demonstrating and observing principles
involved in the geodesic-fall concept.
A generic configuration, of a geodesic-fall propulsion system, is illustrated
in a copy of Figure 1 below. Items M1 (i.e. ML) and M2 (i.e. MB) are
electromagnetic devices. The item (s) represents a generic space vehicle.
M
1
(s)
M
2
Although this technology is focused primarily as a propulsion system for
spacecraft, it can theoretically be applied to nearly all vehicles. Applications to
the automotive industry might aid in reducing environmental concerns, oildependency, and safety related issues. The geodesic-fall technology represents
a major departure from conventional approaches to vehicular propulsion. It is an
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alternative to internal-combustion. This is fundamental, if environmental concerns
are to be effectively addressed. For spacecraft applications, the speed of light is
no longer a limit. Practical interplanetary travel (and perhaps interstellar travel)
can be within reach.
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1.1.1 Applicable Documents
[1]
"The Levitron: An adiabatic trap for spins”
By: M. V. Berry; H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, UK
The Royal Society London 1996
[2]
“The Spinning and Curving of Spacetime: The Electromagnetic &
Gravitational Field in the Evans Unified Field Theory”
By: M. Evans; AIAS 2005
[3]
“Ultrafast non-Thermal Control of Magnetization, By Instantaneous
Photomagnetic Pulses”
By. A. Kimel, et-al;
Nature 435 pgs 655-7; 2005
[4]
“Concepts and Ramifications of a Gauge Interpretation of Relativity”
By: C. Kellum ; The Galactican Group, USA
AIAS posting; April 2008
[5]
"The B(3) Field as a Link Between Gravitation & Electromagnetism in the
Vacuum"
By: M. Evans; York University, Canada
Foundations of Physics Letters, vol. 9, pgs 463-473; Oct. 1996
[6]
“Spin Connected Resonance in Counter Gravitation”
By: H. Eckardt, M. W. Evans
AIAS (UFT posting [68])
[7]
“Spin Connected Resonance in Gravitational General Relativity”
By: M. W. Evans; Acta. Phys. Pol. B, vol. 38, No. 6, June 2007
AIAS (UFT posting [64]
[8]
“Resonant Counter Gravitation”
By: M. W. Evans;
AIAS (UFT posting [53])
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[9]
“ECE Engineering Model”
By: Horst. Eckardt,
(AIAS posting)
[10]
“The resonant Coulomb Law of Einstein Cartan Evans Field Theory”
By: M. W. Evans, H. Eckardt,
AIAS (UFT posting [63])
[11]
“Spacetime and Geometry; An introduction to General Relativity”
By: Sean M. Carroll
Addison Wesley .2004; ISBN 0-8053-8732-3
[12]
“Devices for Space-Time Resonance Based on ECE-Theory”
By: Horst Eckardt
AIAS posting 2008
[13]
“Counter-Gravitation at Spin Connection Resonance”
By: Myron W. Evans
AIAS (UFT posting 116 (1)) 2008
[14]
“Curvature-based Propulsion Laboratory-Scale Demonstration Report”
By: C. Kellum ; The Galactican Group, USA
June 2008
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1.2
Overview
It has been proven [2]-[5], that electromagnetism and gravitation are both
manifestations of spacetime curvature, and functionally equivalent. Specifically,
the ECE-Theory shows gravitation is the curvature of spacetime, and
electromagnetism is the torsion of spacetime. In terms of differential geometry,
torsion can be viewed as a form of curvature. Induced spacetime curvature
creates geodesic paths that a vehicle can move/fall along. Thus, a propulsion
system capability is realized. The velocity, of the fall along the induced geodesic
path, is not bounded by the speed-of-light. The velocity constraint is the degree
of induced spacetime curvature. The standard speed-of-light ( c ) can be
exceeded with sufficient induced curvature of spacetime. Estimates suggest that
magnetic field strengths of 10-20 teslas are sufficient for a 1st system capability.
These field strengths are within the capabilities of present technology.
The Levitron offers an observable, duplicable, laboratory-scale example of
a geodesic-fall process. In this document we discuss and analyze this factor. We
can thus view the Levitron as a lab-scale demonstration of a geodesic-fall
process. The Levitron instability (which causes the Levitron-top to fall away from
its base, when there is sufficient rpm/spin degradation) is an example of
uncontrolled geodesic-fall. The full geodesic-fall process is a controlled version of
the instability exhibited by the Levitron-top. The control mechanisms are briefly
discussed below.
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1.2.1 Background
From [2], the definitions in this section are used. The general framework of
this discussion is taken as two coordinate systems. Generally, an affine
connection exists on a smooth manifold, and connects nearby tangent spaces
(e.g. coordinate systems) to that manifold. In oversimplification, a Cartan
connection is a generalization of an affine connection. The coordinate systems of
the top and of the base are considered. An affine connection is;
Γλν µ = {λ µ ν } = ( ∂xλ ⁄ ξα ) ( ∂²ξα ⁄ ∂xµ ∂xν )
Where;
→
→
xµ , xν are the (translation and rotation) coordinates of the base
ξα is a free falling coordinate system
Γµνk is a gamma connection of differential geometry
Γµνk ≠ Γνµ k → gamma connection is not symmetric in Cartan geometry
(a generalization of the Riemann geometry used in Relativity theory)
T λ µν = q λ a T a µν
R λ σµν = ∂ν Γ
σ
µν
→ torsion tensor (where q is a tetrad/frame-field)
−
∂µ Γ σνλ
+
Γ σνρ Γρµλ
is the Riemann Curvature Tensor
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−
Γ σµρ Γρνλ
2.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Using the ECE field equations from [2], one can define a curvature-based
analysis of the Levitron. Focusing on functional equivalencies of F and Gµν we
have
∫ F dqi = ∆Φtop ;
where Φtop is the potential energy of the top
From [1], the forces F on the Levitron top (gravitational and magnetic) are
defined as follows;
F = − mgez + ∇ µ (t) • B (r) ;
where: µ (t) is the top’s vector moment (the top considered as a
magnetic dipole)
µ (t) X B (r) is the magnetic torque
Equilibrium is achieved if ∇ Φtop = 0 . If ∂2Φtop ⁄ ∂z2 > 0 , vertical stability is
achieved. Horizontal stability is achieved when ∂2Φtop ⁄ ∂x∂y > 0 . Considering
the field equations of the ECE-Theory, we can write them in a simplified Einsteinlike form from [2];
Gµν = – К Tµν + ℓTλµν
where; --- К and ℓ are constants
--- Tµν is the energy-momentum density
--- the torsion/spin Tλµν is accounted for in the
ECE-Theory
If ;
Gµν = Rµν – ½ Rgµν , with Ricci tensor Rµν and metric tensor gµν
asymmetric (as defined in the ECE-Theory)
Then;
Their components are anti-symmetric, representing spin. We then have
equivalencies;
F ≈ Gµν
Thus, spin,
→
ℓTλµν ≈ ∇ µ (t) • B (r)
| B (r) | , and curvature are related. QED
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The greater the spin and/or the greater the B field strength, the greater the
induced curvature that causes these conditions. The top’s spin acts as a driving
function to amplify Φ (the scalar potential), and thus enhance counter-gravitation
between the top & base, at resonance. This spin connection resonance (SCR) is
defined in [6] thru [8]. As shown above, it too is needed to counter Gµν .
References [6] thru [8] also provide insight as to which kind of resonances can be
expected. The induced curvature counters gravitation, in this Levitron case.
Changes in spin, due to friction and other mechanical forces, reduce induced
curvature. This causes instability in the Levitron device, resulting in the Levitron’s
top to fall away form its equilibrium position above the Levitron’s base. The
observed behavior of the device conforms to this analysis, and the analysis given
in [1].
The geodesic-fall propulsion concept utilizes induced spacetime curvature,
similar to the Levitron mag-lev process. Thus the Levitron’s instability-behavior
(i.e. the top’s fall away from the base) is similar to a vehicle under geodesic-fall
propulsion. However said vehicle’s fall along a geodesic path is controlled, and
not an instability condition. The parameters governing the instabilities exhibited
by the Levitron, can be properly controlled to provide a command & control
method for the geodesic-fall process. Overall, the Levitron illustrates an
application of induced spacetime curvature. It can be used to better understand
the principles governing geodesic-fall. It should be clear that magnetic forces
are not used “directly” to drive the vehicle.
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2.1
Overview of Basic Geodesic-Fall Concept
Gravitation is a manifestation of spacetime curvature. It is shown by the
derivation of geodesics in a neighborhood. Gravity and electromagnetism are
both manifestations of spacetime curvature. They are respectively the symmetric
and antisymetric parts of the Ricci Tensor. The Ricci Tensor is a second order
covariant tensor, formed by the contraction of the curvature tensor ßmikj , and
usually denoted as Rij . It is used to analytically express the curvature of
spacetime, in a specified neighborhood, at a specified time. Dynamic spacetime
curvature thus could be viewed as an event in spacetime. If said neighborhood is
defined as the immediate vicinity of a vehicle (wherein said vehicle possesses a
configuration of electromagnetic devices, such that said devices project an
electromagnetic field (i.e. bubble), in/about the neighborhood of said vehicle), the
vehicle could move/fall along the geodesic produced by manipulating the
curvature of said neighborhood. The process is thus called "geodesic-fall".
The equivalence of gravity and electromagnetism has been established.
The process of magnetic levitation (mag-lev) is described in [4]. This mag-lev
process, where;
MB ═> strength of base magnet
ML ═> strength of levitation magnet
(usually attached to a vehicle, such as a mag-lev train)
is equivalent to the geodesic-fall process presented in this document. The force
between the base (MB) and the vehicle (ML) is referred to as the heave-force h, in
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mag-lev applications. The heave-force neutralizes gravity locally. This is a
manifestation of spacetime curvature, and one has the following;
h = h (MB , ML)
h ≈ H,
where: H = H(MB , ML)
Before deriving an elementary set of equations-of-motion for H it is useful to
summarize the geodesic-fall. In a generalized mag-lev application, the basemagnet MB and the lev-magnet ML are both connected to the vehicle undergoing
geodesic-fall (H).
The process of geodesic-fall is to induce spacetime curvature, and fall
along the geodesic resulting from said induced curvature. While under geodesicfall (H) the process continues. At a point i, along the initial geodesic-fall path H0 ,
curvature is induced forming Hi (the ith geodesic-fall path). Thus, between a pointof-origin po and a destination point pd, the vehicular trajectory is a sequence of
geodesic-fall vectors { Hi } │i ε N+ which are bounded by H0 (the initial geodesicfall vector) and the vector Hd (the final vector of the sequence).
The heave-force h is now used to derive an expression for H (MB , ML).
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The Ricci Tensor (in terms of ML and MB) can define the heaveforce/induced-curvature of the mag-lev effect resulting from ML and MB . From
reference [4], (noting that a vector is a tensor of rank 1), an expression for
induced spacetime curvature is derived. From [5], we have a heave force F,
which acts against gravity, and can thus be viewed as an example of induced
spacetime curvature.
F (a heave force between two magnets) is defined as follows;
F = MLMB ⁄ r2 (where r is the distance between magnets ML and MB)
Rµν = – К Tµν is the Ricci Tensor, Tµν is the Energy-momentum Tensor, and
µν are translation and rotation coordinates respectively.
If F and Rµν are both expressions of spacetime curvature, one has the following;
MLMB ⁄ r2 ≈ – К Tµν
≈ Rµν (ML , MB)
=H
With an expression for H in terms of ML and MB , it is possible to define a set of
“equations-of-motion” for the geodesic-fall process.
Definitions:
H --- the (ML and MB induced curvature) geodesic path velocity of a vehicle
∫ H dt --- position (along the induced curvature) geodesic path
dH ⁄ dt --- acceleration (along the induced curvature) geodesic path
The curvature induced by ML and MB is equivalent to the heave-force h (i.e. maglev effect) induced by ML and MB . This defines a simple set of equations-ofmotion for geodesic-fall.
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2.2
Equations-of-Motion Conclusions
Gravitation and Electromagnetism are respectively the symmetric and
antisymetric parts of the Ricci Tensor, within a proportionality factor. Gravitation
and electromagnetism are both expressions of spacetime curvature. Thus the
mag-lev heave-force is also an expression of spacetime curvature, and h and H
are arguably equivalent. Arguably, these concepts can be applied to planetary
vehicles, as well as spacecraft.
Obviously, a more rigorous derivation can lead to a fully comprehensive
set of equations-of-motion for geodesic-fall. The purpose here was to further
illustrate the geodesic-fall process, and to illustrate that process in an
experimental (laboratory-scale) framework.
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2.3
An Implementation Approach
Considering the vehicle configuration on page 1. two magnets M1 and M2
are used as sources for the induced spacetime curvature. Each magnet can be
implemented as an array of electromagnets. These electromagnetic elements, of
each array, can be sequentially excited such that a virtual spin is produced. The
rate of this virtual spin, and the field strength of the electromagnetic elements,
are control parameters for a geodesic-fall control mechanism.
From basic principles of geodesic-fall, the electromagnets are used to
induce spacetime curvature in the neighborhood of the vehicle, in such manner
as to cause that vehicle to fall along the resulting geodesic path. Considering
ECE-Theory, the induced curvature can be significantly enhanced at SCR. If, for
example, one considers the resonance equation 14.32 of [6],
d²Φ ⁄ dr² + (1 ⁄ r – ωint) dΦ ⁄ dr – (1 ⁄ r² + ωint ⁄ r) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0
14.32 of [6]
Where; ωint → the interaction spin connection
amplification of Φ (the scalar potential) at resonance can result in significant
curvature inducement. Thus, geodesic-fall effects can be practically achieved.
Analytically, the following argument presents;
Let: M1 = ∇ µ1 (t) • B1 (r) , M2 = ∇ µ2 (t) • B2 (r)
Where; Bi = Σ BI j , BI j → the jth element of Mi
< Summation is over j =1 to n >
( ∇ µ1 (t) • B1 (r) + ∇ µ2 (t) • B2 (r) ) = Φ λ
Thus Φ λ is the potential, due to counter-(virtual) rotation of M1 and M2 , in the
neighborhood of the vehicle. Substituting Φ λ into 14.32 of [6], can give insight
as to field dynamics in this neighborhood.
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Now considering Coulombs Law ∇ • E = ρ ⁄ ε0 , one also has E = ∇ Φ .
Using Φ λ one has the following;
∇ ² Φ λ = ρ ⁄ ε0
which is the driving function for the resonance equation 14.32 of [6]. The driving
term depends on the magnitude & spin of M1 and M2 , in this case. Thus,
theoretically, these parameters of M1 and M2 can be adjusted for maximum SCR,
resulting in maximum induced spacetime curvature.
From the above discussion, one has a method to control induced
spacetime curvature, from 0 to some maximum value. Also, the direction of the
resulting geodesic path can be controlled in this manner. At this juncture, an
array implementation of M1 and/or M2 sources, appears to offer a highest level of
flexibility.
It is important to note that this discussion is presented as an example
approach to geodesic-fall implementation. Any implementation effort would
obviously be driven by the particular vehicular application being addressed. Such
applications could range from spacecraft propulsion, to automotive applications,
to nautical applications.
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2.3.1 Powering a Geodesic-Fall System
A generic geodesic-fall propulsion system is “functionally controlled” by
the electromagnetic arrays M1 and M2 . We note (in this context) that an array
can have a single element. Powering a geodesic-fall propulsion system consists
of supplying electric power to M1 and M2. This can be done conventionally with
batteries/generators aboard a vehicle. This approach has the traditional
constraints of fuel requirements, weight, cooling, etc. An advanced approach to
electric power generation might address these issues.
For such an advanced approach, one can look to the ECE-Theory, and to
the work of ECE Technologies, Ltd. Their primary work is focused on deriving
electrical energy directly from spacetime, by using SCR to amplify the scalar
potential (measured in voltage), and tap off portions of that amplified energy, as
electrical power. This concept is detailed in [6] thru [9]. This , coupled with
Geodesic-fall, would enable a continuous power source for a geodesic-fall
propulsion system. The conventional constraints and issues involved with
vehicular electric power generation could be effectively addressed/eliminated. As
a further consideration (in addition to spacecraft velocities unconstrained by c),
these concepts applied to planetary vehicles (e.g. the automotive industry) could
eventually eliminate the issues of fossil-fuels, consumption, global warming, oil
dependency. These concepts are a viable alternative to internal combustion.
The remainder of this section 4.3.1 presents a (geodesic-fall oriented)
overview of the electrical energy generation concepts derived from the ECE-
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Theory. An initial merging of the geodesic-fall propulsion system technologies
and the ECE energy generation technologies is discussed and illustrated.
2.3.1.1
Generic Concepts
We start by considering the Coulomb Law under ECE-Theory. From [9] we
have;
∇ • E = ρ ⁄ ε0
Where: E = – ∂A ⁄ ∂t – ∇ Φ – ω0A + ωΦ
∇ • (– ∂A ⁄ ∂t – ∇ Φ – ω0A + ωΦ) = ρ ⁄ ε0
In spherical coordinates we have the resonance equation 14.32 of [6];
d²Φ ⁄ dr² + (1 ⁄ r – ωint) dΦ ⁄ dr – (1 ⁄ r² + ωint ⁄ r) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0
Where; ωint → the interaction spin connection
Considering the Poisson equation { ∇ 2Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0 } of the Standard Model, and
introducing the vector spin connection ω of the ECE-Theory, one has the
following:
∇ • ( ∇ Φ + ω Φ ) = – ρ ⁄ ε0
The ECE Poisson equation
∇ 2Φ + ω • ∇ Φ + ( ∇ • ω) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0
9.6 of [10]
This equation, 9.6 of [10], has resonance solutions. From the ECE-Theory and
[11], it is shown that the gravitational field curves spacetime. It is also shown that
the electromagnetic field curves spacetime, but by spinning spacetime.
Considering Φ , measured in voltage, as the spacetime potential, it is clear that
Φ is amplified at resonance. At resonance, the force (Newtonian force) induced
by the electromagnetic field interaction between a body (e.g. mass) and
spacetime, is amplified. One can regard this force in terms of a field. This field
can be expressed in terms of spacetime potential Φ . The effect of this
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amplification can be viewed in two ways. It can be viewed as a counter-gravity
mechanism. It can be viewed as an electric power source.
Viewed as a counter-gravity mechanism, one considers the interaction of
two charged bodies of mass Mα and Mβ respectively. The total potential energy is
then
ΦTot = Φe + ΦM
Where: Φe
ΦM
Φint
+ Φint
→ is the electric potential
→ is the gravitational potential
→ is the interaction energy between Mα & Mβ
At resonance, ΦTot is greatly amplified, thus Φin is amplified. This can cause Φe
(the electric potential) to overcome ΦM (the gravitational potential). This
phenomenon can be interpreted as induced “negative” curvature, where
“positive” curvature is interpreted to be the natural curvature of spacetime. The
result is anti-gravitational effects. The Levitron device, and the Geodesic-Fall
concepts are examples of such induced spacetime curvature.
From the viewpoint of electric power generation, the amplified ΦTot can be
tapped to bleed-off excess electric energy. Arguably, this amounts to a
continuously available power source, directly from spacetime. This electric
energy could be used to power the electromagnetic sources M1 and M2 of a
geodesic-fall propulsion system process. For some applications, of the geodesicfall propulsion system, additional electromagnetic sources Mp1 and Mp2 could be
used solely for power generation. An example of such an implementation is
illustrated in Figure 7. The Mp1 and Mp2 (power generation) sources could also
be implemented as arrays of electromagnetic elements. Thus they would also
have the flexibility to enable counter-rotating magnetic fields, in order to produce
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the most efficient driving functions to achieve the desired resonance (SCR)
effects. It is important to note that, from the engineering/implementation
perspective, an array structure (of electromagnetic elements) permitting “virtual
rotation” of the magnetic fields, eliminates mechanical issues involved in
physically rotating a magnetic device, especially a large device.
Given the resonance equation 9.6 of [10], also equation 12 of [12];
∇ 2Φ + ω • ∇ Φ + ( ∇ • ω) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0
9.6 of [10]
An equivalent RLC circuit can be defined as in Figure 4. to analyze this circuit,
equation 15 of [13] can be used;
L dq ⁄ dt2 + R dq ⁄ dt + q ⁄ c = ε0 cos ωt
Where:
ω ≈ R
∇• ω ≈ 1 ⁄ c
q ≈ Φ
As shown in [13], if the damping term (R dq ⁄ dt ) is eliminated, resonance occurs
when;
ω = (LC) – ½
then q → ∞ . For circuits such as this, proper adjustment of the capacitance
can achieve resonance. Generally, the amplified Φ , fed into a geodesic-fall
propulsion system, can act as a power source. The type of circuit illustrated in
Figure 4 is the conceptual basis for a control subsystem for the geodesic-fall
propulsion system operation.
The primary function of a geodesic-fall control subsystem is to regulate the
amount of amplified Φ that is fed to said geodesic-fall propulsion system. The
power levels control the degree of induced spacetime curvature produced by the
geodesic-fall propulsion system operational process. The generic architecture for
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such geodesic-fall control subsystem is illustrated in Figures 2 thru 4. Selected
tapping points shown in Figures 2 and 3 can include an adjustable filter
device/system (such as illustrated in Figure 6a) to control the amount of tapped
energy transferred to the geodesic-fall propulsion system.
Finally, one can use variations of the geodesic-fall propulsion system
architecture to show both the power-generation aspect and the anti-gravity
aspect of the amplification of Φ . The geodesic-fall propulsion system
architecture includes two magnetic sources. Counter-rotating these sources to
achieve SCR is discussed in[14]. A power generation type demonstration device
(using counter-rotation of magnetic fields) is discussed in [12], and illustrated in
figs. 13 and 14 of[12]. The Levitron device [1] also employs the principal of
rotating magnetic fields. As discussed in [14], the Levitron device produces antigravity effects by fundamentally employing an SCR process (generated from
spinning magnets) to produce an anti-gravity result.
Considering the electric power generation aspect, one can examine fig. 13
of [12], and Figures 6 and 6a of this application. From above discussions, one
remembers that Figures 6 and 6a also illustrate an architecture for control
subsystems (of geodesic-fall propulsion systems). Thus, by amplifying Φ , one
has a means to power a geodesic-fall propulsion system, a means to generate
electrical energy, plus a device architecture to demonstrate and study such
processes.
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2.4
Prior Art
As shown in [14], the LEVITRON device [1] uses the concept of a spinning
magnet (i.e. rotating magnetic field) to achieve SCR and produce an anti-gravity
effect.
The LEVITRON device is a toy top that can be made to spin while
levitated above a magnetic base. Some West Coast toy companies market the
toy. Physical principles governing the LEVITRON are similar to those exploited
by the geodesic-fall process. The LEVITRON device is arguably a “miniaturized”
example of a mag-lev like process. Aspects of the LEVITRON device behavior
are used herein to illustrate the geodesic-fall process dynamics, on the laboratory
scale.
The discussions in [14] show the LEVITRON to be sufficient for
demonstration of anti-gravity effects due to rotating magnetic fields. This antigravity condition is an induced curvature of spacetime. This is shown in [2] thru
[8].
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3.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Fig. 1
Geodesic-Fall Generic architecture
Fig. 2
Geodesic-Fall equivalent circuit
Fig. 3
Geodesic-Fall equivalent circuit (magnetic devices)
Fig. 4
Generic serial resonant circuit
Fig. 5
Basic Levitron device configuration
Fig. 6
Anti-gravity/electric-power generation
Demonstration & Analysis device
Fig. 6a
Control subsystem (for Demonstration & Analysis device)
Fig. 7
Enhanced Geodesic-Fall architecture
Fig. 8
Geodesic-Fall application (planetary vehicle propulsion)
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4.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
The invention has several fundamental embodiments which are described
in the following sections. Other embodiments are derived from these fundamental
embodiments.
Regarding Figure 1, A generic configuration, of a geodesic-fall propulsion
system, is illustrated the figure below. Items M1 (i.e. ML) and M2 (i.e. MB) are
electromagnetic devices. The item (s) represents a generic space vehicle.
Regarding Figure 2, a geodesic-fall equivalent circuit is illustrated.
Considering energy/power, the SCR enhanced (spacetime potential energy Φ)
voltage could possibly be also used to power a geodesic-fall propulsion system.
A percentage of the amplified Φ could be used to power the electromagnetic
sources (M1 and M2) of the geodesic-fall process, instead of generic electric
power generation methods. The bulk of the enhanced Φ voltage would remain for
use directly by the geodesic-fall process. Again considering the energy
production process, The tapping points are obviously Ures1 and Ures2 (from the
notation of [10]), where M1 and M2 are as defined above.
In the generic geodesic-fall process, M1 and M2 are active electromagnetic
arrays. The resistances Mi are replaced by generic RLC serial resonance circuits
represented by the Zi elements, in Figure 3. The configuration, of the Zi elements,
is illustrated in Figure 4. The virtual spin of the electromagnetic arrays, and the
magnetic strength of the array elements, are adjusted to achieve a resonance
condition (amplification of Φ), by controlling the initial driving function. During a
power generation cycle, the amplified Φ is used to provide power directly from
24
spacetime. During a geodesic-fall cycle, the amplified Φ is used to induce
spacetime curvature. Operationally, the resonance medium is the
electromagnetic bubble, which is the resultant electromagnetic field projected (in
the neighborhood of a vehicle) by sources Mi and Mj attached to said vehicle.
Regarding Figure 3, a geodesic-fall equivalent circuit (utilizing magnetic
devices) is illustrated. The tapping points, and conceptual operational principles
remain, as in Figure 2.
Regarding Figure 4, a generic serial resonant circuit is illustrated. The Zi
elements of Figure 3, have this generic RLC configuration for a serial resonate
circuit.
Regarding Figure 5, the basic configuration of the Levitron device is
illustrated. We can examine the geodesic-fall process by observing the Levitron
device dynamics. In this section, we view the Levitron as a laboratory-scale
functional equivalent of the geodesic-fall process. The mag-lev process of the
Levitron, and its stability dynamics, provide an observable (laboratory-scale)
basis for examination of the geodesic-fall process. By examining a planetary
(land-car/automotive) application, of geodesic-fall propulsion, some insight into
the geodesic-fall process and its overall utility can be gained. Starting with the
basics of the Levitron device, one can see that it neutralizes gravity. From [2] and
[4], we know that neutralization of gravity involves inducing spacetime curvature
in such manner as to eliminate the normal curvature inherent in the operational
neighborhood of the Levitron. If one extends thus concept outside of the
laboratory-scale (e.g. where the Levitron’s top is replaced with a vehicle), the
25
same general result could theoretically be expected, with proper magnetic
alignments and field strengths.
Regarding Figure 6, a device configuration (suitable for laboratory-scale
usage, or full size applications) is illustrated. The purposes of this device are
production of electric energy and production of anti-gravity conditions. The device
can be used to demonstrate SCR, to refine methods of attaining SCR, and to
examine SCR related conditions. The device can be implemented on the
laboratory-scale, or up-scaled for real applications. The device consists of two
magnetic sources 61, which can be implemented as magnetic disks or as arrays
of electromagnetic elements. The two control mechanisms 64, are each used to
control one of the magnetic sources. If a magnetic source 61 is implemented as a
simple magnetic disk, its control mechanism 64 can be a simple rotary motor. In
this case, the magnetic source 61, and control mechanism 64, can be connected
by a simple shaft, as indicated by the dark vertical line between devicecomponents 61 and 64. If a magnetic source 61 is implemented as an array of
electromagnetic elements, its control mechanism 64 controls the
activation/deactivation sequence and field strength of the array elements. This
element activation/deactivation sequence is such as to generate a “virtual
rotation” of the magnetic source 61. A single device could employ both types of
implementation, depending on application and operational requirements.
The dielectric material 62 is used in the process of electric energy
generation. The electric energy is generated by dynamics of the magnetic field,
produced by the counter-rotating magnetic sources 61, interacting with the
26
dielectric material 62. This process is defined in [12] and [14]. The dielectric
material 62 is removed from the stand 63, when generation of anti-gravity effects
is desired. The area 61a, between the magnetic sources becomes an anti-gravity
“bubble”, wherein anti-gravity effects can be examined and utilized. Such is a
basis of the geodesic-fall propulsion concept, and the electric power generation
concept of zero-gravity MHD power generation, presented in patent application
ENHANCED MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC (MHD) ELECTRICPOWER GENERATION IN A GRAVITY-NEUTRAL ENVIRONMENT;
by Charles W. Kellum
wherein an MHD process is conducted within the “bubble”, produced by a large
application-scale embodiment of the device.
The control circuit 65, and its initialization battery power subsystem 65a, is
used to control the electric energy feed, from the device when the electric power
generation application is in operation. The electric power is distributed to the
motors 64. It is important to note that the device of Figure 6 is obviously not an
“over unity” device. It is however, an efficient, multi-purpose system that (for
some applications) can generate some of its own power, after initial startup.
Regarding Figure 6a, a control system for the electric power generation
process, of the Figure 6 device, is illustrated. It consists of an initialization battery
subsystem, an XOR-gate device 66, an OR-gate device 67, and an optional
delay circuit 68. The purpose of the delay circuit 68 is to shut-off the battery
source 65a, after the electric power generation process has started, defined
when line (a) becomes active. When line (a) becomes active, line (b) cuts-off,
and only line (a) powers the motors (i.e. control systems) 64. The optional delay
27
circuit 68 prevents premature cut-off of power from initializing battery subsystem
65a, by delaying the active signal (a) to the control switch 69. When 69 receives
an active input, it breaks the connection between 65a and XOR-gate device 66.
Regarding Figure 7, the architecture of Figure 1 is enhanced to illustrate
the use of magnetic sources Mp1 and Mp2 applied directly to electric power
generation. For a space vehicle application such as is here illustrated, the
sources Mp1 and Mp2 could be implemented as arrays of electromagnetic
elements for a “virtual rotation” operation. The ship (s) would have dielectric type
material for part of its hull, thus enabling the generic electric power generation
process of the system defined in Figure 6. For optimal field configurations, the
“bubble” (b) could also be enhanced, thus increasing the overall efficiency of the
geodesic-fall process.
It is important to note that for large-scale implementations, such as space
vehicles, “virtual rotation” eliminates difficult mechanical issues inherent in
attempting to rotate a large object such as the magnetic sources applied to
geodesic-fall.
Regarding Figure 8, a planetary vehicle application, of the geodesic-fall
propulsion concept, is shown. M1 is logically equivalent to the Mtop of the Levitron.
M2 is the base magnet. It is produced (using the IFE, [2] - [3]) dynamically, by a
plasma field P emanating from the underside of the vehicle, which is impacted by
circularly polarized lasers L attached under the vehicle. The magnets M1 and M2
are configured in such manner as to utilize the planetary magnetic field, in a way
28
similar to the Levitron devices’ use a Perpetuator [14]. The Perpetuator device
provides a pulsed magnetic field, in the vertical direction, that enhances the
stability of the Levitron’s top. The plasma field P and/or L rotate to produce a
rotating magnetic field for an M2 implementation. The M1 electromagnetic array
can be a “virtually rotating” source.
29
It is expected that the present invention and many of its attendant
advantages will be understood from the forgoing description and it will be
apparent that various changes may be made in form, implementation, and
arrangement of the components, systems, and subsystems thereof without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention or sacrificing all of its material
advantages, the forms hereinbefore described being merely preferred or
exemplary embodiments thereof.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention
has been presented to illustrate the principles of the invention and not to limit the
particular embodiment illustrated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be
defined by all of the embodiments encompassed within the following claims and
their equivalents.
30
What is claimed :
1.
A method for powering a geodesic-fall propulsion system process (also
referred to as a geodesic-fall process) wherein power is derived directly from
spacetime, by utilization of spacetime curvature, in the form of spacetime torsion
(as defined by the ECE-Theory), wherein SCR (Spin Connection Resonance) is
used to amplify spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage), wherein said
amplified potential energy is used as the power-source to drive the
electromagnetic sources of a geodesic-fall process;
2.
A method for controlling a geodesic-fall process wherein the amount of
amplified spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage) being fed into the
geodesic-fall process determines the activation of the electromagnetic, the field
strength of the electromagnetic sources, and the parameters of the drivingfunction (used to attain SCR), wherein said parameters control the degree of
induced spacetime curvature produced by the geodesic-fall process;
3.
A method for production of anti-gravity effects, from counter-rotating
magnetic fields, by utilization of counter-rotating electromagnetic sources
(attached to a vehicle) to produce an anti-gravity condition in the neighborhood
about said vehicle, such that said anti-gravity condition (i.e. induced spacetime
curvature) results in a geodesic path along which said vehicle can fall, wherein
the velocity of said geodesic-fall is not constrained by the speed-of-light, whereby
31
the neighborhood about said vehicle (in which said anti-gravity/inducespacetime-curvature occurs) is referred to as a “bubble”;
4.
A method for laboratory-scale production of both electric power, and anti-
gravity effects from counter-rotating magnetic fields, by utilization of counterrotating electromagnetic sources, whereby said electromagnetic power
generation processes, and said anti-gravity (i.e. induced spacetime curvature)
generation processes can be analyzed, demonstrated, optimized, and up-scaled
for applications;
5.
The method of claim 3, wherein said counter-rotating magnetic fields
produce a proper driving-function such that resonance (i.e. Spin Connection
Resonance) is attained resulting in the amplification of spacetime potential
energy (in the neighborhood/”bubble” surrounding said vehicle), such that
sufficient power is available to said electromagnetic sources, so as to produce
the necessary degree of induced spacetime curvature, such that the desired
geodesic-fall process results;
6.
A system for powering a geodesic-fall propulsion system process (also
referred to as a geodesic-fall process) wherein power is derived directly from
spacetime, by utilization of spacetime curvature, in the form of spacetime torsion
(as defined by the ECE-Theory), wherein SCR (Spin Connection Resonance) is
32
used to amplify spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage), wherein said
amplified potential energy is used as the power-source to drive the
electromagnetic sources of a geodesic-fall process, wherein this system for
powering constitutes a continuously available power source for a geodesic-fall
propulsion system;
7.
A system for controlling a geodesic-fall process wherein the amount of
amplified spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage) being fed into said
geodesic-fall process determines the activation of the electromagnetic, the field
strength of (and the activation sequence of) the electromagnetic sources, and the
parameters of the driving-function (used to attain SCR), wherein said parameters
control the degree of induced spacetime curvature produced by the geodesic-fall
process, whereby this control system is a subsystem of a geodesic-fall
propulsion system;
8.
A system for production of anti-gravity effects, from counter-rotating
magnetic fields, by utilization of counter-rotating electromagnetic sources
(attached to a vehicle) to produce an anti-gravity condition in the neighborhood
about said vehicle, such that said anti-gravity condition (i.e. induced spacetime
curvature) results in a geodesic path along which said vehicle can fall, wherein
the velocity of said geodesic-fall is not constrained by the speed-of-light, whereby
33
the neighborhood about said vehicle (in which said anti-gravity/inducespacetime-curvature occurs) is referred to as a “bubble”;
9.
A system for laboratory-scale production of both electric-power, and anti-
gravity effects from counter-rotating magnetic fields, by utilization of counterrotating electromagnetic sources, wherein said anti-gravity effects can also
produce an anti-gravity environment (e.g. zero-gravity, negative gravity) suitable
for testing & evaluating processes such as attainment of resonance (SCR) and
related experiments, wherein said electric power generation processes, and said
anti-gravity (i.e. induced spacetime curvature) generation processes can be
analyzed, demonstrated, optimized, and up-scaled for applications, whereby said
applications can include creation of an anti-gravity environment to enhance
alternative methods for the production of electric power, such as MHD
(magnetohydrodynamic) processes in zero-gravity;
10.
The system of claim 8, wherein said electromagnetic sources are
implemented as arrays of electromagnetic elements, wherein said
electromagnetic elements can be independently activated, wherein an activation
sequence can activate/deactivate said electromagnetic array elements in a
circular sequence, resulting in a “virtual rotation” of said electromagnetic sources,
in such manner that said electromagnetic sources are virtually counter-rotating
(thus enabling counter-rotating magnetic fields), wherein the velocity of virtual
34
rotation of each electromagnetic source is determined by its individual
activation/deactivation sequence of its array elements, wherein said “individual
activation/deactivation sequence” is a function of the geodesic-fall control
subsystem (defined in claim 7) for the electromagnetic sources;
11.
The system of claim 10, wherein the virtual-rotation process avoids the
inherent mechanical difficulties (including reliability issues) involved in the
physical rotation of large objects, such as electromagnetic sources for vehicular
applications, wherein flexibility and adaptability are primary operational
requirements;
12.
The system of claim 10, wherein said electromagnetic sources are
partially implemented as arrays of electromagnetic elements, wherein said
electromagnetic array elements can be independently activated, wherein an
activation sequence can activate/deactivate said electromagnetic array elements
in a circular sequence, resulting in a “virtual rotation” of said array implemented
partial electromagnetic sources, whereby such array implementation of parts of
an electromagnetic source might be optimal for specific applications.
35
ABSTRACT
The geodesic-fall propulsion concept uses induced spacetime curvature
as its primary mechanism. From the ECE-Theory, it is known that spacetime
curvature also includes torsion. Fundamentally, gravitation is a curvature
manifestation. Electromagnetism is a spacetime torsion manifestation. Thus
both gravitation and electromagnetism can be viewed as functionally
equivalent, and manifestations of spacetime curvature. The potential energy
of spacetime (measured in voltage) can be amplified, in a neighborhood of
spacetime, by inducing a resonance condition, in that neighborhood. This
resonance, referred to as SCR (Spin Connection Resonance), is achieved by
coupling with the torsion of spacetime through utilization of a proper drivingfunction to produce resonance. This amplified potential energy can be used
as an electric power source. The invention applies this amplified energy to
power a geodesic-fall propulsion system process. The invention includes a
generic control-system for regulating the power feed to a geodesic-fall
propulsion system. Also, a device for generating SCR, on the laboratoryscale, is defined. This device can be up-scaled for practical applications.
36
M1
(s)
M2
Fig. 1
37
•
•
• Ures1
•
M1
Uemf
•
•
Fig. 2
38
M2
•
Ures2
•
•
•
ZM1
Uemf
•
•
Fig. 3
39
• Ures1
•
ZM2
•
Ures2
•
•
Uemf
•
Fig. 4
40
(s)
ML
MB
Fig. 5
41
64
61
63
61a
62
65
61
64
69
65a
Fig. 6
42
66
b
67
a
68
69
Fig. 6a
43
M1
Mp1
(s)
b
Mp2
M2
Fig. 7
44
M1
(s)
L
P
M2
Fig. 8
45
L
46