Download Organ Doctor

Chapter 1
Human Body
Orientation
Anatomy
• Study of the structure and shape of the
body and body parts and their
relationship to one another
• Gross Anatomy – studying large body
structures – easy to see
• Microscopic anatomy – studying small
parts of the body – microscopic
Ex. Cells and tissues
Physiology
• The study of how the body and its parts
work or function
• Neurophysiology – explain how the
nervous system works
• Cardiac physiology – studies the function
of the heart
• Anatomy and physiology are always
related. The parts form a well organized
unit.
• Structure determines function.
Levels of Structural Oranization
• Atoms  molecules  cells  Tissue 
organ  organ system  organism
• Molecules – water
• Cell – smallest unit of living things
• Tissue – groups of cells with similar
functions
• Organ – structure composed of 2+ tissues
Figure 1.1
Chapter 3
Body Tissues
Four Types:
•
•
•
•
Epithelium – covering
Connective – support
Nervous – control
Muscle - movement
Epithelial tissue
• Lines and covers all free body surfaces
Functions
•
•
•
•
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
secretion
Special Characteristics of
Epithelium
• Fit closely together to form sheets
• One surface or edge is free and the other
attaches to a basement membrane
• No blood supply
• Regenerate easily
Classification of Epithelium
Two Names
1. Number of cell layers
a. Simple – one
b. Stratified – 1+
2. Shape
a. Squamous – flattened
like fish scales
b. Cuboidal – cube shape
c. Columnar – shaped
like columns
Simple Squamous
Connective Tissue
• Connects body parts
• Found everywhere
Functions – protection, support, binding
together
Special Characteristics of
Connective Tissue
• Variations in blood supply
• Extra-cellular matrix
Matrix – secreted by the cells
- non-living substances
Ex. – blood, fat, bone
Muscle Tissue
• Highly specialized to contract or shorten
to produce movement
Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth
Nervous Tissue
• Neurons
• Highly specialized to receive and transmit
impulses
The Eleven
Organ Systems
1. Integumentary System – Skin –
Covers the body
Functions –
a. Waterproofs
b. Cushions and protects
c. Perspiration – excretes salts and urea
d. Regulates body temperature
e. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors
Organs – hair, nails,
sweat glands,
sebaceous glands
(oil)
2. Skeletal System
Functions –
a. Support – store minerals
b. Framework for muscles – aids
movement
c. Protective – ex. Skull
d. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood
cells
Organs – bones,
ligaments, joints and
cartilage
3. Muscular System
Functions
– Muscles contract and
cause movement
– Primary source of
body heat
Organs – Skeletal
muscles
4. Nervous System
• Fast acting control
system
Functions – allows the
body to respond to
irritants and stimuli
Organs – brain, spinal
cord, nerves and
sense organs
5. Endocrine System
Functions
a. Controls body activities – slow
b. Produces chemical molecules
– Hormones
c. Hormones released in blood
and travel to distant organs
d. Hormones control growth,
reproduction and food
6. Cardiovascular System
Functions
a. Blood vessels, transport
blood which carries
oxygen, carbon dioxide
and waste
Organs – heart, arteries,
capillaries, veins, blood
Blood vessels
are in red
7. Lymphatic System
(Immune System)
• Complements the
cardiovascular system
Functions – returns fluid
leaked from the blood
to the blood vessels
Organs – lymph fluids,
lymph nodes,
thymus, spleen
Lymph nodes
• Cleanses blood
• Houses cells involved in immunity
8. Respiratory System
Functions
a. Keeps body supplied with oxygen
b. Removes carbon dioxide
Organs: nasal passages, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange
with the blood occurs
9. Digestive System
• Tube from mouth to
anus
Functions:
a. Breaks down food
b. Products to the
blood for dispersal
Organs
• Mouth, esophagus, stomach,
Intestines (small and large),
rectum
• Liver – produces bile to break
down fats
• Pancreas – digestive enzymes
for small intestines
10. Urinary System
Functions –
a. Removes nitrogen wastes from
the blood, exits body through
urine
b. Maintains the balance of water,
salt, acid-base
Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder
urethra
11. Reproductive System
Male – sperm – testes
Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands,
duct system
Female – eggs – ovary
Organs – uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina
Maintaining
Life
The highly organized human body
does:
1. Maintains boundaries
2. Responds to environmental changes –
Irritability
3. Takes in and digests nutrients
4. Carry out metabolism
5. Dispose of wastes
6. Reproduce
7. Grow
• The highly organized human body is able
to carry out the 7 characteristics.
The Seven Characteristics of Life
1. Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane
Body System - Integumentary
2. Movement
Body System – muscular system
3. Responsiveness or Irritability
(sense changes and respond)
Body System – Nervous System
4. A. Digestion
Body system - Digestive
B. Metabolism – all the chemical reactions
that occur in the body
Body Systems – Digestive, Respiratory,
Cardiovascular and Endocrine
5. Excretion
Body System – Digestive and Urinary
6. Reproduction
Body System – Reproductive
7. Growth
Survival Needs of the Human Body
• Goal of the body systems – Maintain Life
1. Nutrients (food)
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Appropriate Temperature
5. Atmospheric Pressure
Homeostasis
• The ability of the body to maintain
relatively stable internal conditions
• Homeo – same
• Statis – standing still
• Happens when the body has its needs
meet and is functioning smoothly
The Language
of Anatomy
• A set of terms that allows body structures
to be located and identified clearly with a
few words
Anatomical Position
• Standard reference
point
Regional Terms
• The many visible
landmarks on the
surface of the body
Figure 1.6a
Figure 1.6b
Figure 1.6c
Figure 1.7
Directional Terms
• Used to explain exactly where one body
structure is in relation to another
•
The ________ is ___________ to the
_____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the
_____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the
_____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the
_____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the
_____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the
_____________.
• The ________ is ___________ between the
________ and _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the
_____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the
_____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the
_____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the
_____________.
Body Planes
The End