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Kingdom Protista
Chapter 7: Protists (p.226-235)
Characteristics
A. larger than monerans, but still microscopic
B. unicellular (single-celled organisms)
C. eukaryotic – they DO contain a nucleus as
well as other cell parts that monerans lack
Characteristics
D. Living Conditions
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1. most live in water (salty & fresh)
2. some live in soil
3. others live inside other organisms (can be
parasitic or symbiotic)
4. can live alone or in colonies
Characteristics
E. Evolved approximately 1.5 billion years
ago
F. Symbiotic relationships between
bacteria (monerans) led to development of
protists
Symbiotic Relationships Between
Bacteria…
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1. specific functioning bacteria lived inside
other independently functioning bacteria
2. over time, these “specialized” cells lost
their independence and began working as a
team  leading to the formation of a nucleus
and individual hereditary material
Characteristics
G. Protists can function as autotrophs,
heterotrophs, or both
H. Grouped into 3 categories
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1. animal-like
2. plant-like
3. fungus-like
Animal-Like Protists
A. Sometimes called protozoa – first
animals
B. Do not contain a cell wall
C. Able to move
Organized into 4 groups – sarcodines,
ciliates, zooflagellates, and sporozoans
Group 1 – Sarcodines
(characteristics)
a. Characterized by extensions of the cell
membrane and cytoplasm – pseudopod (false
foot)
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Used for obtaining/engulfing food
Used for movement from one place to another
Amoeba
b. Amoeba – the most common sarcodine
Sarcodines (characteristics)
c. Contractile vacuoles regulate the amount of
water in the sarcodine
d. Reproduce asexually by fission – complex
division of once cell into two
Group 2 – Ciliates
(characteristics)
a. Surrounded by cilia – small hairlike
projections that aid in movement by working as
“tiny ores”
Paramecium
b. Paramecium – most common ciliate
Ciliates (characteristics)
c. Contain two nuclei
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Large nucleus controls life functions
Small nucleus involved in conjugation
Reproduction
The coming together of two ciliates to exchange hereditary
information
Form of sexual reproduction
Group 3 – Zooflagellates
(characteristics)
a. Characterized by flagellum (plural)
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Whiplike structure to aid in movement
Usually contain 1 to 8 flagella on average
Zooflagellates (characteristics)
b. Usually live inside a host
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Parasitic – harm their host and may cause diseases in
humans and animals
Symbiotic – may have no effect on host, or may benefit
host (termites)
Trichonympha - This flagellated protozoan commonly
inhabits the digestive tract of the termite. Trichonympha
and the termite form a symbiotic relationship. In this
mutualistic relationship, the protist eats the wood in the
gut of the termite.
Group 4 – Sporozoans
(characteristics)
a. No movement
b. All are parasitic – feed on cells and body
fluids of host
Plasmodium
c. Plasmodium – most famous sporozoan:
causes malaria disease, transported by
mosquitoes
d. Reproduce by forming and releasing
spores that travel into new host and
usually cause harm or disease in new host
Plant-Like Protists
most are able to move
autotrophic – use light to make their own
food from simple raw materials
most are “flagellates” (move by flagella)
– specifically called phytoflagellates
organized into 3 groups – eugleana,
diatoms, dinoflagellates
Euglenas
pouch with two
flagella
reddish
“eyespot”
chloroplasts –
green structures
used in food
making process
Diatoms
a. contain very attractive, glassy, colorful
shells
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shells are left behind after death
over time, shells pile up in layers forming
deposits of diatomaceous earth
Diatomaceous Earth
• coarse, powdery material
• mild abrasive, good for
polishing
• reflects light
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used in toothpastes,
scouring cleaners
used in highway and road
paint
Dinoflagellates
a. Cause “Red Tide” –
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reproduce so rapidly that they change the
color of the water
tide can be many colors
some give off toxins that poison the water
killing organisms and poisoning water
supplies
Dinoflagellates
b. reflective and
glowing
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oceans at night will
often sparkle and
glow due to the
dinoflagellates
may cause illnesses
in people or other
organisms
Fungus-Like Protists
A. can have a great effect on humans
1.
Great Potato Famine in Ireland (184546)...destroyed entire potato crop and
caused a famine which killed about 1/3 of
Ireland's entire population
Fungus-Like Protists
2.
cause fungus-like diseases on all types of
plants/animals
B. heterotrophic –
obtain food from other sources
Slime Molds
C. interesting fungus-like protist = slime
molds
1.
2.
at one point in life they are moist, flat,
shapeless blobs
reproduction involves the production of a
fruiting body, which contains spores
How are we going to learn about
the different groups of protists?
You will be the teachers!
There are 4 groups of protists:
 Animal Like Protists
Sarcodines (1)
Ciliates (2)
Zooflagellates (3)
Sporozoan (4)
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Plant Like Protists
Euglenas (5)
Diatoms (6)
Dinoflagellates (7)
Fungus Like Protists (8)
You will be broken up into groups, and will teach about one of
the groups of protists!
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