Download Keystone Module B: Continuity and Unity of Life Top Twelve Review

Keystone Module B: Continuity and Unity of Life
Top Twelve Review
1) Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle:
a) interphase: b) nuclear division (i.e., mitosis or meiosis): ■ Prophase: ■ M_____________: ■ A______________: ■ T______________; c) cytokinesis: 2) Compare the processes and outcomes of mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis (Ouch!: My TOE sis!)
Meiosis
Functions: Makes somatic (body) cells _________________ reproduction Growth and repair (healing) Makes _____________ (egg and _______) Sexual reproduction Produces: Identical daughter cells / have the same number of chromosomes 4 haploid daughter cells Creates variation One round of division _______ rounds of division Does NOT separate homologous chromosomes 3) Explain how genetic information is inherited. DNA ­ Why is it Important? ● DNA ­ genetic material passes from generation to generation. ● DNA ­ controls cellular activities by controlling the production of proteins and enzymes ● DNA ­ determines an organism’s traits. ● DNA ­ holds the information for life. ● Describe the process of DNA replication and how it transmits and conserves genetic information. Explain the ​
functional ​
relationships between: ●
DNA ●
genes ●
alleles ●
chromosomes 4) Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance
●
dominant: ●
recessive: ●
co-dominance:​
both allele’s phenotypes (traits) are expressed (ex: roan cow = red and white ) ●
incomplete dominance: ●
sex-linked:​
a gene on the X (sex) chromosome, males more likely to have a sex­linked disease, as they only have 1 X, females have 2 Xs (one can be backup) ex: hemophilia or color blindness ●
polygenic: ​
trait influenced by many genes​
​
(poly means many ­ ex: skin color, height) ●
multiple alleles: ​
More than two alleles for a single gene. Ex: Blood type: i, IA; IB 5. ​
Describe processes that can alter composition or number of chromosomes:
crossing-over, nondisjunction, duplication, translocation, deletion, insertion, and inversion. 5. Explain the process of protein synthesis:
1.
​
transcription​
: Copying _________ in the nucleus and making _____________. Enzyme: RNA __________________ (makes the RNA polymer). 2.
translation:​
Ribosomes make ___________________ in the cytoplasm and on the RER. 3.
protein modification​
in golgi: protein is finished and packaged for transport Protein Synthesis Machinery Role in protein synthesis of secreted proteins Pro/Euk/both ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus nucleus DNA/gene 6. Describe how genetic mutations alter the DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype
●
silent:​
Does not change the ___________ acid ●
nonsense: ​
creates a stop codon ●
frame-shift:​
insertion or _______________ that changes the “reading frame” (all the codons are shifted) 7. Exp​
l​
ain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture
●
selective breeding:​
we breed traits we like into cows, horses, dogs, vegetables and fruit, etc. and get different breeds/strains with different phenotypes. ●
gene splicing​
: we can move genes from organism to organism. ●
cloning: ​
we create identical copies of organisms for research and developing medicines ●
genetically modified organisms:​
food crops like corn and wheat are modified to resist pesticides ●
gene therapy​
: we correct genetic mutations in the person instead of using drugs 8. Explain the mechanisms of evolution.
●
Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies of a population. ❖ Favorable (advantageous) alleles are selected for = ​
allele frequency increases!! ❖ unfavorable alleles are selected AGAINST = allele frequency _______________!! ●
Describe the f​
actors that can contribute to the development of new species​
: i.
ii.
isolating mechanisms (prevent reproduction!​
) 1.
geographical barriers like a _____________ or ____________ prevent mating. 2.
behavioral: song, dance, flashes of light , etc., that signal to mates is different. 3.
temporal (time): different species mate at different times. ex: Eastern and western skunks genetic drift:​
random chance affecting SMALL populations 1.
example​
: founder effect​
­ small group of people start a colony ­ Amish 2.
example:​
bottleneck ​
­ disaster kills most of the population, only small group survives ­ Northern sea lions (humans hunted them almost to extinction) iii. migration ­ individuals move to a new area with different environmental pressures ●
Explain how ​
genetic mutations ​
may result in genotypic and phenotypic variations within a population. Mutations create variation in alleles! ­ New traits like red hair. 9. Evidence supporting the theory of evolution:
★ fossils ★ anatomical ​
(anatomy ­ like the homologous forelimbs)
★ embryological:​
all vertebrate embryos look the same, and develop in the same way ­ gill slits! ★ biochemical ​
ex: all organisms do glycolysis ­ burn glucose the same way! ★ universal genetic code: ​
all organisms use the same genetic code. 10. Describe ecological levels of organization
●
organism ●
population ●
community ●
ecosystem ●
biome ●
biosphere 11. Describe characteristic biotic and abiotic components of
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Desert:
Rainforest:
Grassland:
Deciduous Forest:
Tundra:
12. Describe interactions and relationships in an
ecosystem. ●
Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem ○ food chains: producers to consumers ○
food webs: food chains connected ○
energy pyramids (remember the 10% rule) ●
Describe biotic (living) interactions in an ecosystem ○ competition​
: examples: competition for food, mates, nesting sites ○
predation:​
ex.:lynx and arctic hare ○
symbiosis ­ parasitism ​
example: ticks, fleas, tapeworm benefit, host is harmed ­commensalism​
:: barnacles on whales get more food, but don’t affect the whale ­mutualism,​
ex: pollinators and flowers help each other ●
Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem: water; carbon cycle/oxygen cycle; nitrogen cycle Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbance​
s ○ climate changes ○
introduction of nonnative species ○
pollution ○
fires Describe the effects of limiting factors on populations and potential species extinction. ­
Limiting factors​
(control population size): ● food
●
space for nesting/homes ●
water ●
competition ●
predation ●
disease