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Introduction to Music Elements of Musical Composition Various Ways of Producing and Notating Sound Sound Rhythm Melody Harmony Tonality Texture Sound Pitch, Dynamics, Timbre, Duration Sound is produced by vibrations of various materials transmitted through the air, received by the ear, and interpreted by the brain. These vibrations can be produced using many different kinds of materials and instrumentation: Chordophones: produce sound by bowing, plucking, or striking strings. Chordophones have the ability of producing multiple pitches simultaneously. Pitch is determined by the length and tension of the strings (Harps, Violins, Pianos). Sound Pitch, Dynamics, Timbre, Duration Sound is produced by vibrations of various materials transmitted through the air, received by the ear, and interpreted by the brain. These vibrations can be produced using many different kinds of materials and instrumentation: Chordophones: produce sound by bowing, plucking, or striking strings. Chordophones have the ability of producing multiple pitches simultaneously. Pitch is determined by the length and tension of the strings (Harps, Violins, Pianos). Aerophones: produce sound by causing vibrations of air using reeds, lips, and valves. Pitch is determined by manipulating the column of air passing through the instrument (Flute, Saxophone, Trumpet, Pipe Organs). Sound Pitch, Dynamics, Timbre, Duration Sound is produced by vibrations of various materials transmitted through the air, received by the ear, and interpreted by the brain. These vibrations can be produced using many different kinds of materials and instrumentation: Chordophones: produce sound by bowing, plucking, or striking strings. Chordophones have the ability of producing multiple pitches simultaneously. Pitch is determined by the length and tension of the strings (Harps, Violins, Pianos). Aerophones: produce sound by causing vibrations of air using reeds, lips, and valves. Pitch is determined by manipulating the column of air passing through the instrument (Flute, Saxophone, Trumpet, Pipe Organs). Idiophones: are instruments whose bodies vibrate to produce sound upon being struck, shaken, brushed or scraped and whose pitch are regulated by their size, material, and density (Triangle, Vibraphone, Glass Harmonica, Gong). Sound Pitch, Dynamics, Timbre, Duration Sound is produced by vibrations of various materials transmitted through the air, received by the ear, and interpreted by the brain. These vibrations can be produced using many different kinds of materials and instrumentation: Chordophones: produce sound by bowing, plucking, or striking strings. Chordophones have the ability of producing multiple pitches simultaneously. Pitch is determined by the length and tension of the strings (Harps, Violins, Pianos). Aerophones: produce sound by causing vibrations of air using reeds, lips, and valves. Pitch is determined by manipulating the column of air passing through the instrument (Flute, Saxophone, Trumpet, Pipe Organs). Idiophones: are instruments whose bodies vibrate to produce sound upon being struck, shaken, brushed or scraped and whose pitch are regulated by their size, material, and density (Triangle, Vibraphone, Glass Harmonica, Gong). Membranophones: produce sounds by a vibrating membrane that can be tuned (have its pitch regulated) by manipulating the tension of the membrane (Tympani, Kettledrums). Other instruments do not have a fixed pitch (Snare Drums, Bongos, etc). Sound Pitch, Dynamics, Timbre, Duration Sound is produced by vibrations of various materials transmitted through the air, received by the ear, and interpreted by the brain. These vibrations can be produced using many different kinds of materials and instrumentation: Chordophones: produce sound by bowing, plucking, or striking strings. Chordophones have the ability of producing multiple pitches simultaneously. Pitch is determined by the length and tension of the strings (Harps, Violins, Pianos). Aerophones: produce sound by causing vibrations of air using reeds, lips, and valves. Pitch is determined by manipulating the column of air passing through the instrument (Flute, Saxophone, Trumpet, Pipe Organs). Idiophones: are instruments whose bodies vibrate to produce sound upon being struck, shaken, brushed or scraped and whose pitch are regulated by their size, material, and density (Triangle, Vibraphone, Glass Harmonica, Gong). Membranophones: produce sounds by a vibrating membrane that can be tuned (have its pitch regulated) by manipulating the tension of the membrane (Tympani, Kettledrums). Other instruments do not have a fixed pitch (Snare Drums, Bongos, etc). Electrophones: either produce or amplify sounds electronically. Synthesizers produce sound using oscillators that can produce sound waves of different shapes and combinations to mimic a great number of sounds. Synthesizers may be analog or digital depending on how they manipulate the sound waves. Pitch A sound’s pitch is its position within the complete range of sound. Sounds are higher or lower in pitch according to the frequency of vibration of the sound waves producing them. High frequencies (more vibrations per second) produce higher pitches while low frequencies (less vibrations per second) produce lower pitches. Cultures around the world have grown accustomed to appreciating a great number of tones as musical—without everyone being in agreement! Han Ya Xi Shui Muslim call to prayer The Western Tradition has standard pitches that have been developed from twelve distinct pitches (or musical tones) that can be played in various octaves. Cultures In Western music, standard pitches have long been used to facilitate tuning among various performing groups. The current standard pitch of a’ = 440 Hz was adopted in 1939. C Major Scale Sadjagrama: Indian Musical Scale Ake Bono: Japanese Musical Scale Rast: Arabian Musical Scale Dynamics In sound production, loudness or softness is produced by adjusting the amplitude (size of the vibration) produced. Large amplitudes produced loud sounds while small amplitudes produce quieter sounds. The Venetian Giovanni Gabrieli (1556?–?1612) introduced the words piano (soft) and forte (loud) into his scores; they became the basis of a system running from pianissimo (pp) to fortissimo ( ff ): pp pianissimo very soft piano soft mp mezzo piano moderately soft mƒ mezzo forte moderately loud forte very loudly fortissimo very loudly crescendo gradually become louder decrescendo gradually become softer p ƒ ƒƒ Timbre In music timbre is the characteristic tone color of an instrument or voice. Duration The duration of a sound or silence is notated using notes and rests which tell the musician or singer how long to produce a tone or to remain silent. Rhythm Beats, Meter, Tempo Rhythm involves establishing a pattern in music by establishing the number of beats to be played in a measure and the meter or pattern and number of stressed and unstressed beats. Tempo controls how fast the rhythm is to be played. A moderate tempo is often assumed to be the rate of a heartbeat (72 beats per minute). Tempo markings in musical notation include the following: Presto: Very fast (168-200 beats per minute) Vivace: Lively and fast (140 beats per minute) Allegro: Fast and bright, march tempo (120-168 beats per minute) Andante: At a walking pace (76-108 beats per minute) Adagio: Slow and stately, at ease (66-76 beats per minute) Largo: Very slow (40-60 beats per minute) Melody and Harmony Melody: organized sounds and rhythms. Maurice Ravel-Bolero Melody and Harmony Melody: organized sounds and rhythms. Maurice Ravel-Bolero Harmony: two or more sounds played simultaneously. Consonance Aaron Copland-Variations on a Shaker Hymn Melody and Harmony Melody: organized sounds and rhythms. Maurice Ravel-Bolero Harmony: two or more sounds played simultaneously. Consonance Aaron Copland-Variations on a Shaker Hymn Dissonance The Twilight Zone Mark Snow-Threnody in X Texture How melodic lines are interwoven or separated in a musical work Monophony: A simple melody, often long and flowing that may have more than one performer, but all are singing the same musical line. Homophony: Two melodies created together with the second produced in harmony with the first by adopting a similar rhythm and using same chord progressions. Polyphony: Complex melodic lines which are long and asymmetrical, often sung or played at different tempos or in to different rhythms. Dissonance is often created for sharp contrasts and unexpected effect for the listener. Monophony, Homophony, Polyphony This work is licensed by EKerby under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.