Download Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology

Welcome to Anatomy
and Physiology
Ms. Wilkerson
Welcome to A&P
• In this course we will learn about the
anatomy and physiology of many domestic
animals and even learn a little about
ourselves in the process.
• This is a very fast paced and challenging
course.
• We move very quickly so DO NOT be
afraid to ask questions or seek help if you
feel you need it.
• Refer to the course outline for due dates
and exam dates.
• I wish you the best!!!!!!!!
My contact information
• [email protected]
• [email protected]
• Powerpoints are available at
kwilkerson.yolasite.com
• Advisement Hours:
– Tuesday 11:20-12:00 p.m.
– Wednesday 2:50 -3:15 p.m.
– Thursday 11:20-12:00 p.m.
Chapter 1: Introduction to
Anatomy and Physiology
• All the parts of an animal’s body are simply like
components to a machine.
• These components include:
–
–
–
–
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
• As future RVT’s it is your responsibility to
adequately understand this machine and how it
works in order to effectively care for it.
• We must be able to differentiate “normal” from
“abnormal”.
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy-deals with the form and structure
of the body and its parts.
– What it looks like and where it is located
• Physiology- deals with the function of the
body and its parts.
– How things work and what they do
Types of Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy- anatomy of structures so
small that a microscope is required to view them
clearly.
• Macroscopic Anatomy (Gross Anatomy)- anatomy
that deals with body parts large enough to be seen
with the unaided eye such as organs, muscles and
bones.
• Regional Anatomy- study of individual areas or
“regions” of the body.
• Systemic Anatomy- study of individual systems of
the body.
• There may be overlap in some of these areas.
Main Body Systems
• Skeletal- bones and joints.
• Integumentary- skin, hair, nails and hooves.
• Nervous- Central Nervous System (CNS) and
peripheral nerves.
• Cardiovascular-heart and blood vessels.
• Respiratory- lungs and air passageways.
• Digestive- Gastrointestinal (GI) tube and accessory
digestive organs.
• Muscular- Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
• Sensory- Organs of general and special sense
• Endocrine-Endocrine glands and hormones
• Urinary-Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra.
• Reproductive-Male and female reproductive
structures.
Terminology
• Why do we need specific anatomical
terminology?
• Anatomical terms are based on imaginary
slices, called planes through the animal
body that can be used as points or areas
of reference.
• Also use directional terms that have
opposite meanings of one another.
Anatomical Planes of Reference
• Four anatomical planes of reference:
– 1. Sagittal plane- a plane that runs the length of the
body and divides it into left and right parts that are
not necessarily equal halves.
– 2. Median plane (midsaggital plane)- a special type
of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the
body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and
right halves.
– 3. Transverse plane- A plane across the body that
divides it into cranial (head-end) and caudal (tail-end)
parts that are not necessarily equal.
– 4. Dorsal plane- A plane at right angles to the sagittal
and transverse planes. It divides the body into dorsal
(toward the back) and ventral (toward the belly) parts
that are not necessarily equal.
Directional Terms
• Help to accurately and clearly describe
body structures regardless of position of
animal’s body.
• Terms generally occur in pairs and have
opposite meanings and are used to
describe relative positions of body parts.
Directional Terms
Direction
Individual’s left
Individual’s right
Toward the head end of the body
Toward the tip of the nose (head only)
Toward the tail end of the body
Toward the back
Toward the belly
Toward the median plane
Away from the median plane
Toward the center (whole body or part)
Toward the surface (whole body or
part)
Toward the body (extremity)
Away from the body (extremity)
“Back” of forelimb distal to carpus
“Back” of hindlimb distal to tarsus
“Front” of forelimb & hindlimb
distal to carpus & tarsus
Domestic Animal
Left
Right
Cranial
Rostral
Caudal
Dorsal
Ventral
Medial
Lateral
Deep (internal)
Superficial (external)
Proximal
Distal
Palmar
Plantar
Human
Left
Right
Superior
Nasal
Inferior
Posterior
Anterior
Medial
Lateral
Deep (internal)
Superficial
(external)
Proximal
Distal
Palmar
Plantar
Dorsal
Anterior
Directional Terms Continued
• Left and right refer to animal’s left and
right.
• Cranial and caudal refer to the two ends of
the animal.
– Can state something is cranial or caudal
relative to something else.
• Rostral means towards the nose and only
describes positions or directions on the
head.
• Dorsal and ventral refer to up and down or
towards the back and towards the belly.
(humans use posterior and anterior).
More Directional Terms
• Medial and lateral refer to towards the midline or
away from the midline
– What is midline plane called?
• Deep and superficial refer to the position of
something relative to the center or surface of the
body.
– Deep-toward the center of the body (internal)
– Superficial- toward the surface of the body or a body
part (external).
• Proximal and distal describe positions only on
extremities relative to other parts of the body.
– Proximal-toward the body
– Distal- away from the body
Special Directional terms
• Palmar- back surface of the carpus (wrist).
• Plantar- back surface of the hind limb
distal to the tarsus (ankle).
Describe these pictures
And again
One more time
General Plan of the Animal Body
• Bilateral Symmetry- idea that left and right halves of animal’s body
are essentially mirror images of one another.
– Where does this work?
– Where does this not work?
• Body Cavities- Animal’s have two main cavities (spaces).
– 1. Dorsal cavity- Contains brain and spinal cord (CNS)
• Subdivides into cranial and spinal cavities
– 2. Ventral cavity- contains most of the soft organs (viscera) of the
body.
• Subdivides into thoracic and abdominal cavities
• What is visceral pleura?
• What is parietal pleura?
• Levels of Organization that make up the body
–
–
–
–
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Levels of Organization Continued
• Cells- basic functional units of animal life.
– Smallest subdivisions of the body that are capable of life
– Generally are specialized in nature
• Tissues- when specialized cells group together.
– 4 basic tissue types:
• 1. Epithelial-cells that cover body surfaces
• 2. Connective-holds body together and gives it support
– Can you give an example?
• 3. Muscle- moves body inside and out
– Skeletal
– Cardiac
– Smooth
• 4. Nervous- transmits information around the body and
controls body functions.
• Organs- groups of tissue that work together for a common
purpose
• Systems-groups of organs that have a common set of
activities
Health
• The state of normal anatomy and
physiology.
• Maintaining health may be a difficult and
complicated process.
• All structures and functions in the body are
interrelated to produce optimal health.
Homeostasis
• The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium
in the body.
– Active balance of all of the structures, systems
and functions of the body
– All parts are inter-related and balanced
– Blood pressure, acid-base balance, oxygen
levels