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Download AP Biology Natural selection acts on individuals “survival of the fittest”
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Evolution of Populations Natural selection acts on individuals “survival of the fittest” differential reproductive success who bears more offspring Populations evolve AP Biology genetic makeup (alleles in gene pool) of population changes over time Mummichog Individuals survive or don’t survive… Individuals DON’T evolve… Individuals are selected Populations evolve AP Biology 2007-2008 5 Agents of evolutionary change Mutation Gene Flow Genetic Drift AP Biology Non-random mating Selection Where does Genetic Variation come from? random changes to DNA Wet year Beak depth Mutation Dry year Dry year Dry year errors in mitosis & meiosis 1977 environmental damage recombination of alleles new arrangements in every offspring new combinations = new phenotypes AP Biology 1982 1984 11 Beak depth of offspring (mm) Gene Shuffling 1980 10 9 8 Medium ground finch 8 9 10 11 Mean beak depth of parents (mm) 1. Mutation & Variation Mutation changes DNA sequence AP Biology 2. Gene Flow Movement of individuals & alleles in & out of populations seed & pollen distribution by wind & insect migration of animals causes genetic mixing across regions AP Biology 3. Non-random mating Sexual selection AP Biology 4. Genetic drift Effect of chance events founder effect small group splinters off & starts a new colony bottleneck some factor (disaster) reduces population to small number & then population recovers & expands again AP Biology 5. Natural selection Differential survival & reproduction due to changing environmental conditions AP Biology 5 Agents of evolutionary change Mutation Gene Flow Genetic Drift AP Biology Non-random mating Selection