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Transcript
The Biosphere Chapter 3 Objectives Distinguish between the biotic and a biotic factors in the environment. Compare the different levels of biological organization Explain the difference between niche and habitat. What is Ecology? Ecology is a scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment Biosphere Biosphere- part of the earth that supports life. Combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water and air or atmosphere Extends from 8 kilometers above Earth’s surface to 11 kilometers below the surface of the ocean What shapes an ecosystem? Factors physical, or nonliving factors that affect organisms Abiotic bullfrog affected by availability of water and temperature of air What shapes an ecosystem? Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors living things that affect an organism biotic factors affecting bullfrog: plants it eats, birds that might eat it, other species that compete for food or space Interactions and Interdependence Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of interdependence between organisms and the environment in which they live Biotic and Abiotic Factors Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Levels of Organization Individual or Organism: interactions between an organism and its surroundings cottontail rabbit Population: groups of Organism that belong to the same species and live in the same area group of cottontail rabbits Levels of Organization Communities: different populations that live together in a defined area rabbits, coyotes, ravens, lizard Ecosystem: collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment rabbits, coyotes, ravens, lizard, rocks, dirt, climate, water Levels of Organization Biome: group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities desert, tundra, tropical rain forest Biosphere: planet Earth Where animal live Habitat a place where an organism lives out its life. It includes both biotic and abiotic factors. Niche is all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment. Niche An organism’s niche includes: Place in food web Range of temperatures organism needs to survive Type of food it eats How it obtains food Other species that use it as food Physical conditions necessary for survival When and how it reproduces Niche Two species cannot share the same niche in the same habitat. Different species can occupy similar niches. Ex - three species of warblers live in the same spruce trees but feed at different elevations and in different part of the trees Warbler Niches Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Spruce tree If you were to turn over a log in the woods you would see centipedes, worm, ants and millipedes. They all look similar and they have similar niches. But they all feed on different things. Centipede eats beetles Worms eat organic material Ants eat dead insects Millipedes eat decaying leaves Symbiosis When two species live close together. Three types: Parasitism – one is harmed (host), one benefits (parasite) Mutualism – both benefit Commensalism – one is neutral, one benefits Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Homework Pg 45 1-5 Read 2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow 2.2 Objectives Compare how organism satisfy their nutritional needs Trace the path of energy and matter in an ecosystem Analyze how matter is cycled in the abiotic and biotic parts of a biosphere Producers Autotrophs an organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chemical form to make energy rich compounds– “self feed” Use sunlight to create carbohydrates via photosynthesis Ex – Plants, algae and some bacteria Producers Consumers Heterotroph organism that cannot make their own food and feeds on others. Must eat to obtain energy. Ex – animals, fungi, some protists Types of Heterotrophs – eats plants Carnivore – eats animals Omnivore – eats plants and animals Scavengers – eats plant and animal remains Herbivore Ex- snails, crabs, earthworms, vultures Decomposer Ex – breaks down organic matter – bacteria and fungi Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds autotrophs (producers) various heterotrophs (consumers). Food Chain Food Chain is a simple model that shows how energy and matter move throughout an ecosystem. A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. i.e. Wheat mouse snake hawk Food Chain Example Food Web Food wed a model that showed all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level. Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationship among the various organisms in an ecosystem. Trophic Levels Trophic Levels each step in a food chain or food web 1st level = producers 2nd, 3rd, or higher levels = consumers Usually no more than 5 levels because 90% of energy is lost at each level. Ecological Pyramid A diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web. Energy, biomass, and population numbers can all be represented by a pyramid. Ecological Pyramid Cycles of Matter Recycling in the Biosphere Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. Matter moves through an ecosystem in biogeochemical cycles. Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle N2 in Atmosphere NH3 NO3and NO2- Nitrogen Cycle 78% of Earth’s atmosphere is Nitrogen gas = N2 Nitrogen containing products: Ammonia (NH3) Nitrate ions (NO3-) Nitrite ions (NO2-) Nitrogen is needed for protein and nucleic acid synthesis Nitrogen Cycle Converting nitrogen gas into ammonia is called nitrogen fixation. Only certain types of bacteria can do this. Plants use the converted products (NH3, NO3- ,& NO2-) to make plant proteins. Some bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas (denitrification). Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is important for the formation of DNA and RNA molecules. Phosphorus is not very common and does not enter the atmosphere, instead it is found mostly on land in rock and soil. Primary Productivity The rate at which producers create organic matter. Determines the size of the community. Limited by availability of nutrients. – phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), potassium (K) Marine – nitrogen Fresh water - phosphorus Land Algal Bloom Interactions and Interdependence Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of interdependence between organisms and the environment in which they live Energy Flow Energy flows from the sun or inorganic compounds to producers. Consumers eat producers to get energy. The primary source of energy on Earth is the sun!!