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CH3.3 NOTES: Put these in the NOTES section of your binder
1. In most organisms, more than 95% of the body is made up of just four elements:
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is ____________________ within and between ecosystems.
3. Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another
and from one part of the biosphere to another through _______________________________________.
4. Biogeochemical cycles connect ______________________, _____________________________, and
_____________________________ aspects of the biosphere.
5.
Matter can cycle through the biosphere because biological systems do not use up matter, they
_________________________________ it. The matter is assembled into living tissue or passed out of
the body as waste products.
Water Cycle
6. The process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas is ___________________
7. Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of
_________________________________.
NUTRIENT CYCLES
8. All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its _______________________.
9.
Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Like water,
nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through _____________________cycles.
Carbon Cycle
10. Biological processes, such as __________________________, _____________________________,
and ___________________________, take up and release carbon and oxygen.
11. Geochemical processes, such as _____________________ and _____________________________,
release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.
12. Mixed biogeochemical processes, such as the burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their
environment conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels), store carbon underground
13. Human activities, such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release
______________ dioxide into the atmosphere.
Nitrogen Cycle
14. All organisms require nitrogen to make __________________ _____________, which in turn are used
to build proteins.
15. Nitrogen gas makes up ___________ of Earth’s atmosphere.
16. Ammonia – NH3
Nitrate ions- _________
Nitrite ions- ___________
17. Define nitrogen fixation- _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
18. Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called _________________________
Phosphorus Cycle
19. Phosphorus is of great biological importance, but it is not ______________________ in the biosphere.
20. Phosphorus does not enter the _________________________; unlike carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
21. Phosphorus remains mostly on land in ____________ and ____________ minerals, and in the ocean
sediments. There, phosphorus exists in the form of ________________________ ________________.
22. Organic phosphate moves through the food web, from _________________________ to
________________________, and to the rest of the ecosystem.
Nutrient Limitation
23. The rate of which organic matter is created by producers is __________________________________
24. If a nutrient is in short supply, it will ___________ an organism’s growth.
25. When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scares or cycles very slowly, the substance
is called a _________________________________________________.
26. When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is called an
____________________ ________________________.
27. There are more _________________________ available, so the producers can grow and reproduce
more quickly.
28. Algal blooms can sometimes disrupt the _______________________________ of an ecosystem.