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Name: _________________________ June Proficiency Exam Study Guide 7th Grade Science – Miss Maxwell & Mr. Burgmeyer Final Exam Dates: Wed 6/10 & Thurs 6/11 Chapter 14: Earth’s Changing Surface Lesson 1 Plate Tectonics (pages 500 - 506) Lesson 2 Earthquakes and Volcanoes (pages 508 - 516) Lesson 3 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition (pages 518 - 525) 1. What evidence did Wegener use to try to prove his continental drift hypothesis? Fossil Evidence: tropical plant fossils found in Antarctica Geological Evidence: matching rock structures 2. What causes the movement of tectonic plates? Convection currents in the mantle 3. Complete the table below Movement of Plates Convergent Divergent Transform Landforms/Events plates move towards each Volcanoes other plates move away from Volcanoes each other plates slide past each other earthquakes What is a volcano? A weak spot in the crust where magma comes to the surface Physical Weathering 4. Complete the Venn Diagram Chemical Weathering below Process of breaking down rocks and minerals without changing their composition. Examples: freezing and thawing, roots Process that breaks down rocks, changing Earth’s surface over time Process that changes the composition of the rocks and soil due to exposure to the environment Examples: acid rain, rusting, gases in the atmosphere What are the components of soil? Weathered rock, mineral material, organic matter, air, water; hundreds to thousands of years 5. Where do the nutrients in soil come from? Organic material is broken down 6. What was Wegener’s initial hypothesis? Why didn’t scientists accept it? What eventually caused them to change their minds? What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics? Wegener’s hypothesis stated that the continents have slowly moved to their current locations. Wegener’s hypothesis was rejected because he could not provide a reason as to how the continents move. His hypothesis was finally approved after the concept of sea-floor spreading was discovered. The Theory of Plate Tectonics states that Earth’s crust is broken into rigid plates that move slowly over Earth’s surface. Chapter 6: The Environment and Change Over Time Lesson 1 Fossil Evidence of Evolution (pages 192-200) 7. What is the fossil record? All the fossils ever discovered on Earth 8. What are fossils? Preserved remains or traces of living things 9. From largest to smallest, what is the correct order of the divisions of time of the Geological Time Scale? a. Periods, eras, eons c. Eons, eras, periods c. Periods, eons, eras d. Eras, periods, eons 10. Complete the table below Fossil Mineralization Carbonization Definition Minerals in the water replace the organism’s original material and harden into a rock A fossil forms when a dead organism is compressed over time and pressure drives off the organism’s liquids and gases, only the carbon outline or film remains. Example petrified wood outline of a fern found in a rock Molds and Casts Trace Fossils Original Material Mold: impression of an organism impression of a shell in in a rock mud that has Cast: fossil copy of an organism hardened in a rock Preserved evidence of the foot print activity of an organism Original tissue of organisms are buried in the absence of oxygen baby mammoth found for long periods of time become in a glacier fossilized 11. Explain how scientists date fossils. What is relative-age dating? What is absolute-age dating? What type of rocks are fossils found in? Where are the youngest rocks found? the oldest rocks? Relative age dating is when scientists determine if a rock is either older or younger than rocks nearby. Scientists determine the relative order in which rock layers were deposited. Absolute age dating is more precise than relative-age dating; scientists use radioactive decay, a natural clocklike process in rocks to learn its age in years. Fossils are found in sedimentary rocks. The oldest rocks are found further down in the earth and the younger rocks are found closest to Earth’s surface. Weather and Climate Chapter 16: Earth’s Atmosphere (pages 572-594) Chapter 17: Weather (pages 612 – 639) Chapter 18: Climate (pages 648 – 675) 12. How is weather different from climate? Weather is the atmospheric conditions, along with short-term changes, of a certain place at a certain time. Examples: its raining and cloud outside, it snowed 4 inches last night. Climate is the long-term average wether conditions that occur in a particular region, Examples: it rains 18 inches per year in this area 13. What are the factors that affect weather? Wind, air temperature, humidity, air pressure, precipitation 14. How does air move? areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure 15. Complete the table below Type of Air Mass Temperature Humidity Continental Polar Cold Dry Maritime Polar Cold wet Continental Tropical Warm Dry Maritime Tropical Warm wet 16. What is a front? Boundary where two different air masses meet 17. The Coriolis Effect explains why winds curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. 18. Global winds are caused by Unequal heating of Earth’s atmosphere 19. What are the Doldrums? Calm, windless areas 20. What global wind belt is responsible for weather in the United States? Prevailing Westerlies 21. True or False – An increase in world populations is evidence of climate change. 22. Name all of the layers of the atmosphere and provide an example of what can be found in each layer. (be sure to include the exosphere) Troposphere: surface-weather Stratosphere: ozone layer, airplane fly Mesosphere: meteors Thermosphere: satellites Ionosphere: Auroras Exosphere: space-no definite end