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Chapter 13 – Early History of Europe
Section Notes
Video
Ancient Greece
The Roman World
The Middle Ages
Impact of Greek Scholars
Close-up
The Parthenon
The Roman Forum
Life on a Manor
Quick Facts
Chapter 13 Visual Summary
Maps
Europe, 2000 BC-AD 1500
Greek City-States and Colonies, c. 600 BC
Alexander the Great’s Empire, c. 323 BC
Expansion of Rome, 100 BC-AD 117
Early Christianity in the Roman Empire
The First Crusade, 1096
Western Europe, 1000
Europe, 2000 BC-AD 1500
Europe, AD 117
Images
Greek Art
Roman Conquests
The Decline of Rome
Feudal Relationships
Ancient Greece
The Big Idea
Through colonization, trade, and conquest, the Greeks
spread their culture in Europe and Asia.
Main Ideas
• Early Greek culture saw the rise of the city-state and the
creation of colonies.
• The golden age of Greece saw advances in government,
art, and philosophy.
• Alexander the Great formed a huge empire and spread
Greek culture into new areas.
Main Idea 1:
Early Greek culture saw the rise of the
city-state and the creation of colonies.
City-States • City-states were political units made up of a
city and all the surrounding lands.
• Usually built around a hill called the acropolis
that held a fortress, temples, and other public
buildings
• Most people thought of themselves as
residents of a city-state, not as Greeks.
Colonies • Greeks established colonies around the Black
and Mediterranean seas.
• Trade between cities and colonies helped keep
Greek culture strong all over Europe.
Main Idea 2:
The golden age of Greece saw advances in
government, art, and philosophy.
• The period between 500 and 300 BC in Greece was a
golden age, a period marked by great achievements.
• The golden age began after the Greeks banded together to
defeat the powerful Persian Empire.
• Athens, the city-state that had led the fight against Persia,
became the cultural center of Greece.
– Famous politicians, artists, and thinkers lived in Athens.
– Leaders like Pericles supported the arts.
– Athens was the world’s first democracy. People elected their leaders
and helped make government decisions.
Golden Age Achievements
Architecture
Art
• Greeks built magnificent
marble structures all
over Greece.
• Greek art is still admired
today.
• Most famous building is
the Parthenon, a huge
temple in Athens.
• Greek buildings were
symbols of the glory of
the cities in which they
were built.
• Greeks are most famous
for their statues and
carvings.
• They wanted their art to
look realistic. Artists
studied the human body
to make their work as
lifelike as possible.
Golden Age Achievements
Science
Philosophy
• Greeks wanted
to learn how
the human
body works.
• Philosophers
tried to figure
out how people
could be happy.
• Made advances
in many fields:
• Socrates, Plato,
and Aristotle
were some of
the most
influential
thinkers in
world history.
–Medicine
–Biology
–Math
–Astronomy
–Other sciences
• Their ideas still
shape how we
think today.
Literature
• Wrote timeless
classics
• Created stories
about great
heroes and
adventures,
poems about
love and
friendship, and
fables meant to
teach lessons
• Created drama,
or plays, as a
form of popular
entertainment
End of the Golden Age
• The golden age ended due to conflict between Athens and
its rival city-state, Sparta.
– Sparta was a military city with a powerful army.
– Jealous of the influence Athens had over other city-states,
Sparta attacked Athens.
• The war between Athens and Sparta ripped Greece apart.
In the end, Sparta won.
• After the war, Greece was in shambles. Thousands of
people had been killed and whole cities had been
destroyed.
Main Idea 3:
Alexander the Great formed a huge empire
and spread Greek culture into new areas.
Alexander the Great conquered Greece in the 330s BC.
From Greece, he set out to create an empire. At its
height, the empire stretched from Greece to India and
included all of Central Asia and Egypt.
Alexander worked to spread Greek culture through his
empire. As a result, a new culture formed that blended
Greek and other cultures. Historians call this culture
Hellenistic, or Greek-like.
The Roman World
The Big Idea
The Romans unified parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia in
one of the ancient world’s greatest civilizations.
Main Ideas
• The Roman Republic was governed by elected leaders.
• The Roman Empire was a time of great achievements.
• The spread of Christianity began during the empire.
• Various factors helped bring about the decline of Rome.
Main Idea 1:
The Roman Republic was governed by elected
leaders.
Government
• Rome was originally a monarchy.
• In 509 BC the Romans overthrew their king and created a
republic, a government in which people elect their leaders.
• Rome’s leaders were advised by the Senate, a council of
powerful Romans.
• All Roman citizens were encouraged to vote and take part in the
government.
Expansion
• Under the republic, Rome grew. By 100 BC the Romans ruled
much of the Mediterranean world.
• The Romans conquered and took over many lands. For example,
they fought and defeated Carthage in North Africa.
Main Idea 2:
The Roman Empire was a
time of great achievements.
• The change from republic to empire began after the murder of
Julius Caesar in 44 BC.
• Caesar’s adopted son Octavian took over the Roman world. As
ruler, he was renamed Augustus, which means “honored one.”
• Augustus was respected for his many accomplishments:
– Added territory to the empire
– Built monuments and public buildings
– Improved roads
• Augustus’s rule was the beginning of the Pax Romana or Roman
Peace, a period of peace and achievement that lasted for about
200 years.
Achievements of the Pax Romana
Building and
Engineering
• Great builders and
engineers
• Many Roman buildings
are still standing today.
• Romans also built
durable roads, bridges,
and aqueducts, or
channels used to carry
water over long
distances.
Language
and Law
• Many modern languages
based on Latin, the
Roman language
• Wrote great plays,
poems, and stories
• Roman law influenced
many legal systems
around the world,
including that of the
United States.
Main Idea 3:
The spread of Christianity began
during the empire.
• Christianity is based on the life, actions, and teachings of
Jesus of Nazareth.
• Christianity began in Judea in southwest Asia but quickly
spread through the rest of the Roman world.
• Early Christians traveled from city to city, teaching people
about their beliefs. As a result, large communities of
Christians formed in many Roman cities.
Christianity in the Roman World
• Some Roman leaders feared that Christians
would rebel against the government.
Persecution • To prevent rebellion, these leaders began to
persecute, or punish, Christians.
• Christians practiced their religion in secret to
avoid persecution.
• In the 300s the emperor Constantine became
a Christian.
Acceptance
• Constantine ended persecution.
• In the 380s all non-Christian religions were
banned in Rome.
Official Religion
• Christianity became a powerful influence in
the Roman world.
Main Idea 4:
Various factors helped bring about the
decline of Rome.
• By the late 300s, Roman society was weakening.
– Crime rates rose.
– Taxes and poverty increased.
– The Roman education system broke down.
– The government fell apart.
– Many people no longer felt loyal to Rome.
• Many factors contributed to the weakening.
Factors in Rome’s Decline
Government Problems
Invasions
• For years Rome was ruled
by bad emperors who were
more interested in their
own happiness than in
ruling well.
• Barbarian invaders began to
attack Roman territory in the
300s and 400s.
• Ambitious military leaders
tried to take over, but they
were no better than the
bad emperors.
• Civil wars between rival
leaders added to Rome’s
problems.
• The powerful invaders
defeated Roman armies and
took land away from the
Romans.
• In 476 an invading group
destroyed Rome and
overthrew the last emperor.
Most historians consider this
event the end of the Roman
Empire in western Europe.
The Middle Ages
The Big Idea
Christianity and social systems influenced
life in Europe in the Middle Ages.
Main Ideas
• The Christian church influenced nearly every aspect of
society in the Middle Ages.
• Complicated political and economic systems governed life
in the Middle Ages.
• The period after 1000 was a time of great changes in
medieval society.
Main Idea 1:
The Christian church influenced nearly every
aspect of society in the Middle Ages.
The Middle Ages in Europe lasted from about 500 to
about 1500.
The Middle Ages are also known as the medieval period.
Nearly everyone in Europe in the Middle Ages was
Christian. Europeans felt tied together by their beliefs.
Almost no part of life in Europe was unaffected by the
Christian church and its teachings.
The Church’s Roles
Politics
Art
Daily Life
• Church leaders
were also political
leaders.
• Most art in the
Middle Ages was
influenced by the
church.
• People’s lives
often centered
around their local
church.
• Art, literature,
and music dealt
with religious
themes.
• Markets, festivals,
and ceremonies
were held in
churches.
• A new style of
architecture
called Gothic
architecture was
used for large
churches.
• Priests advised
people on how to
live and kept
written records
for them.
• The pope, the
head of the
church, was one
of the most
powerful people
in Europe.
• The pope even
had the power to
start wars, such
as the Crusades.
Main Idea 2:
Complicated political and economic systems
governed life in the Middle Ages.
Feudal System
• Political system based on exchange of land for military service
• Nobles gave land to knights.
• Knights promised to serve nobles loyally, especially in war.
Manor System
• Economic system centered on large estates called manors
• Nobles owned manors but needed workers.
• Peasants and serfs lived on the manor and worked the fields.
In exchange for a place to live, they gave the noble most of
the harvest.
Towns and Trade
• Not everyone in Europe lived on manors. Some lived
in towns, which were usually small, dirty, and dark.
• Many people who lived in towns worked as traders.
• After the year 1000 trade increased dramatically.
• As trade grew, more people moved to cities. As cities
became larger, they became centers of culture and
wealth.
Main Idea 3:
The period after 1000 was a time of great
changes in medieval society.
• Document signed by King John of England in
1215
Magna Carta • Stated that the king had to obey the law
• Considered an early step toward democracy
Black Death
• Swept through Europe after 1347
• Killed up to a third of Europe’s population
• Fought between England and France
Hundred
Years’ War
• French victory inspired kings to increase their
power, leading to the creation of a nationstate.
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