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Present Tense/Passive Voice Present Passive Infinitive Ablative of Agent 1st and 2nd Declension –er Adjectives Thus far, we have learned the present tense in the active voice of verbs. Singular Plural 1st -o -mus 2nd -s -tis 3rd -t -nt ◦ These inflectional endings indicate the subject of the verb and indicate that the subject is in the active voice (performing the action). Where the subject of the active voice performs the action of the verb, the subject of a passive voice verb receives the action of the verb. E.g. Active Voice- You love Passive Voice- You are loved What are the differences between these two translations? To form the passive voice in English… ◦ A form of the verb “to be” must be placed between the subject and the verb (i.e. am, is, are). ◦ A past form tense of the verb must be used (i.e. –ed form of the verb). The passive voice in Latin is indicated by the following endings… Singular Plural 1st -r (I) -mur (we) 2nd -ris (you) -mini (you) 3rd -tur(he,she,it) -ntur (they) The procedure which is done for active voice verbs is also done for the passive. ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Determine the conjugation Find the stem (from the 1st principal part) Add the linking vowel based on the conjugation Apply the endings Translate each form of the verb Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum- to love ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ To which conjugation does amo belong? What is the stem of this verb? What then is the linking which will be used? What are the passive voice endings? How do we translate this verb? N.B.- Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum- to love 1st Singular amor Plural amamur 2nd amaris amamini 3rd amatur amantur Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum- to love 1st Singular I am loved Plural We are loved 2nd You are loved You are loved 3rd He/She/It is loved They are loved The 2nd principle part of every verb is the present active infinitive. ◦ Used to determine the conjugation of the verb ◦ Translate as “to + verb” E.g. Dō, dāre, dedī, datum- give Infinitive = dāre (to give) The present passive infinitive for the 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs is done the same way. ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Find the present active infinitive Remove the “e” from the verb end Put an “i” in the place of where the “e” was. Translate as “to be + verb (past tense form)” E.g. Dō, dāre, dedī, datum- give PAI = dāre (to give) PPI= dārī (to be given) Even though passive voice verbs have their subject receive the action of the verb, it is possible to show who/what is performing the action of a passive voice verb. This is done through an Ablative of Agent construction. ◦ An Ablative of Agent construction is equivalent to an active voice subject performing the action of the verb. Active voice construction ◦ I love the dog. Equivalent passive voice construction with an ablative of agent. ◦ The dog is loved by me. Simply put, an Ablative of Agent construction is used to indicate who is performing the action of a passive voice verb. To form an Ablative of Agent construction in Latin, the following must exist: ◦ The preposition a/ab plus a noun in the ablative case. ◦ A verb in the passive voice The preposition a/ab when used with an ablative of agent is translated as “by”. Otherwise it can also mean “from”. Active voice construction ◦ Mali Viri mala consilia parant. Bad men are designing bad plans. Passive voice construction ◦ Mala consilia a malis viris parantur. Bad plans are designed by bad men. Notice what changes between the two constructions. Look at pg. 77-78 Page 73. Lets take a look!!!