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Present Tense/Passive Voice
Present Passive Infinitive
Ablative of Agent
1st and 2nd Declension –er Adjectives
Thus far, we have learned the present tense
in the active voice of verbs.
Singular
Plural
1st
-o
-mus

2nd
-s
-tis
3rd
-t
-nt
◦ These inflectional endings indicate the subject of
the verb and indicate that the subject is in the
active voice (performing the action).


Where the subject of the active voice
performs the action of the verb, the subject
of a passive voice verb receives the action of
the verb.
E.g.
Active Voice- You love
Passive Voice- You are loved
What are the differences between these two
translations?

To form the passive voice in English…
◦ A form of the verb “to be” must be
placed between the subject and the
verb (i.e. am, is, are).
◦ A past form tense of the verb must
be used (i.e. –ed form of the verb).
The passive voice in Latin is indicated by the
following endings…
Singular
Plural
1st
-r (I)
-mur (we)

2nd
-ris (you)
-mini (you)
3rd
-tur(he,she,it)
-ntur (they)

The procedure which is done for active voice
verbs is also done for the passive.
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Determine the conjugation
Find the stem (from the 1st principal part)
Add the linking vowel based on the conjugation
Apply the endings
Translate each form of the verb

Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum- to love
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
To which conjugation does amo belong?
What is the stem of this verb?
What then is the linking which will be used?
What are the passive voice endings?
How do we translate this verb?
N.B.-

Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum- to love
1st
Singular
amor
Plural
amamur
2nd
amaris
amamini
3rd
amatur
amantur

Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum- to love
1st
Singular
I am loved
Plural
We are loved
2nd
You are loved
You are loved
3rd
He/She/It is loved
They are loved

The 2nd principle part of every verb is the
present active infinitive.
◦ Used to determine the conjugation of the verb
◦ Translate as “to + verb”
E.g. Dō, dāre, dedī, datum- give
Infinitive = dāre (to give)

The present passive infinitive for the 1st and
2nd conjugation verbs is done the same way.
◦
◦
◦
◦
Find the present active infinitive
Remove the “e” from the verb end
Put an “i” in the place of where the “e” was.
Translate as “to be + verb (past tense form)”
E.g.
Dō, dāre, dedī, datum- give
PAI = dāre (to give)
PPI= dārī (to be given)

Even though passive voice verbs have their
subject receive the action of the verb, it is
possible to show who/what is performing the
action of a passive voice verb. This is done
through an Ablative of Agent construction.
◦ An Ablative of Agent construction is equivalent to
an active voice subject performing the action of the
verb.

Active voice construction
◦ I love the dog.

Equivalent passive voice construction with an
ablative of agent.
◦ The dog is loved by me.
Simply put, an Ablative of Agent construction is used
to indicate who is performing the action of a
passive voice verb.

To form an Ablative of Agent construction in
Latin, the following must exist:
◦ The preposition a/ab plus a noun in the ablative
case.
◦ A verb in the passive voice
The preposition a/ab when used with an ablative of
agent is translated as “by”. Otherwise it can also
mean “from”.

Active voice construction
◦ Mali Viri mala consilia parant.
 Bad men are designing bad plans.

Passive voice construction
◦ Mala consilia a malis viris parantur.
 Bad plans are designed by bad men.
Notice what changes between the two constructions.

Look at pg. 77-78

Page 73. Lets take a look!!!