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Pennington’s Overview of Participles Jonathan T. Pennington Introduction Participles are very important, and at the same time potentially confusing. They are important because nearly one out of every four verbs (about 24%) in the GNT is participial in form. Further, there is a significant degree of flexibility in how one interprets participles that can make a big difference in interpretation. Participles are potentially confusing because there are many different forms of participles yet one must be able to parse them well to translate easily. Nevertheless, the paradigms do follow regular patterns. I hope that what follows will serve to give you a simple overview of the forms and meaning of participles. Nature of Participles Participles in Greek (and English) are verbal adjectives. This means that participles have elements of both verbs and adjectives. The verbal elements of a participle are tense (Present; Aorist; Perfect) and voice (Active; Middle; Passive). The adjectival elements are case (nom; acc; gen; dat), gender (m, f, n) and number (sing; plural). Participles do not have person (1st, 2nd, 3rd). The mood is “participle.” So when parsing a participle, please give: - Lexical Form of the verb - Tense - Voice - Mood - Case - Gender - Number - Lexical Meaning of the verb e.g. lu,ontoj lu,w Present Active Participle Genitive Masculine Singular to loose Think of a participle as a hybrid (or more skeptically, a mutation) of a verb that has taken on some of the characteristics of an adjective. Any verb can take participial forms. Part of the flexibility of participles is that they are rather “Jekyl and Hidish” – they can function in a sentence as either a verb or an adjective (or noun = an adjective used substantivally). More on this below under Meaning. There are two main issues to get clear when thinking about participles – Morphology (form) and Meaning. Morphology The good news is that all participles follow the three noun/adj declensions we have learned already. The only other things to know to recognize the form of a participle are some telltale tense indicators (like s for Aorists, etc.). Remember – because participles are non-indicative in mood (in fact, like infinitives they are “in-finite” – they have no person) they will never have an augment! 1 Participial Forms By Tense PRESENT Active M Nom Gen Dat Acc lu,wn lu,ontoj lu,onti lu,onta Singular F lu,ousa luou,shj luou,sh| luou,san N M lu/on lu,ontoj lu,onti lu/on lu,ontej luo,ntwn lu,ousin lu,ontaj Plural F N lu,ousai luousw/n luou,saij luou,saj lu,onta luo,ntwn lu,ousin lu,onta Notes: - Just like a typical 3-1-3 adjective (masc-3rd declension; fem-1st decl.; neut-3rd decl.) - Remember the feminine singular is of the hybrid form because the stem ends in s - Remember the normal 3rd declension changes that occur in the dative plural - Remember the normal contractions that will occur with contract verbs – e.g. filou/nta - Second Aorist Active verbs will also use this paradigm (cf. Imperfect) – e.g. balwn - The participle of eivmi is the endings of this paradigm Middle/Passive (including middle-only [“deponent”] verbs) Singular M F N M Nom Gen Dat Acc luo,menoj luome,nou luome,nw| luo,menon luome,nh luome,nhj luome,nh| luome,nhn luo,menon luome,nou luome,nw| luo,menon luo,menoi luome,nwn luome,noij luome,nouj Plural F luo,menai luome,nwn luome,naij luome,naj N luo,mena luome,nwn luome,noij luo,mena Notes: - Endings are just like a typical 2-1-2 adjective (masc-2nd declension; fem-1st decl.; neut-2nd decl.) - Remember “men in the middle” - Verbs that are middle-only in the present will follow this paradigm for participles - This paradigm is very similar to that of the Aorist Middle and the Perfect Middle/Passive 2 AORIST Active M Nom Gen Dat Acc lu,saj lu,santoj lu,santi lu,santa Singular F lu,sasa lusa,shj lusa,sh| lu,sasan N M Plural F lu/san lu,santoj lu,santi lu/san lu,santej lusa,ntwn lu,sasin lu,santaj lu,sasai lusasw/n lusa,saij lusa,saj N lu,santa lusa,ntwn lu,sasin lu,santa Notes: - Just like a typical 3-1-3 adjective (masc-3rd declension; fem-1st decl.; neut-3rd decl.) - The endings are the same as paj( pasa( pan - Remember the feminine singular is of the hybrid form because the stem ends in s - Remember the normal 3rd declension changes that occur in the dative plural - Remember that “liquid” stems will lack the sigma – e.g. mei,nantej - Remember that contract verbs will lengthen before the sigma – e.g. filh,saj Middle M Nom Gen Dat Acc lusa,menoj lusame,nou lusame,nw| lusa,menon Singular F lusame,nh lusame,nhj lusame,nh| lusame,nhn N M lusa,menon lusame,nou lusame,nw| lusa,menon lusa,menoi lusame,nwn lusame,noij lusame,nouj Plural F lusa,menai lusame,nwn lusame,naij lusame,naj N lusa,mena lusame,nwn lusame,noij lusa,mena Notes: - Endings are just like a typical 2-1-2 adjective (masc-2nd declension; fem-1st decl.; neut-2nd decl.) - Remember “men in the middle” - Remember no augment because non-indicative mood - Verbs that are deponent in the Aorist will follow this paradigm for participles - This paradigm is very identical to the Present Middle/Pass with the addition of the sa-. - Remember that there is a separate paradigm for Aorist Middles and Aorist Passives. Passive M Nom Gen Dat Acc luqei,j luqe,ntoj luqe,nti luqe,nta Singular F luqei/sa luqei,shj luqei,sh| luqei/san N M luqe,n luqe,ntoj luqe,nti luqe,n luqe,ntej luqe,ntwn luqei/sin luqe,ntaj Plural F luqei/sai luqeisw/n luqei,saij luqei,saj N luqe,nta luqe,ntwn luqei/sin luqe,nta Notes: - Just like a typical 3-1-3 adjective (masc-3rd declension; fem-1st decl.; neut-3rd decl.) - Remember the typical q that indicates Aorist Passive - Remember no augment because non-indicative mood - Remember that there is a separate paradigm for Aorist Middles and Aorist Passives. - Remember the Second Aorist Passives will drop the q – e.g. grafei,j 3 PERFECT Active M Nom Gen Dat Acc lelukw,j leluko,toj leluko,ti leluko,ta Singular F lelukui/a lelukui,aj lelukui,a| lelukui/an N leluko,j leluko,toj leluko,ti leluko,j M leluko,tej leluko,twn leluko,sin leluko,taj Plural F lelukui/ai lelukuiw/n lelukui,aij lelukui,aj N leluko,ta leluko,twn leluko,sin leluko,ta Notes: - Just like a typical 3-1-3 adjective (masc-3rd declension; fem-1st decl.; neut-3rd decl.) - Typical reduplication that indicates Perfect (verbs beginning with vowels with seem to lengthen) - Typical k that indicates Perfect Middle/Passive M Nom Gen Dat Acc lelume,noj lelume,nou lelume,nw| lelume,non Singular F lelume,nh lelume,nhj lelume,nh| lelume,nhn N lelume,non lelume,nou lelume,nw| lelume,non M lelume,noi lelume,nwn lelume,noij lelume,nouj Plural F lelume,nai lelume,nwn lelume,naij lelume,naj N lelume,na lelume,nwn lelume,noij lelume,na Notes: - Endings are just like a typical 2-1-2 adjective (masc-2nd declension; fem-1st decl.; neut-2nd decl.) - Remember “men in the middle” - Verbs that are deponent in the perfect will follow this paradigm for participles - This paradigm is identical to the Present Middle/Passive with two exceptions – reduplication on the front; and the o before the men is missing. - Also like the Present, the Middle and Passive forms are identical Meaning There are two matters to mention under the topic of the meaning of participles. The first is simply that there is a great deal of flexibility in the translation and interpretation of participles. Like the genitive case (and maybe even more) there are a bewildering number of quite different options for translating a participle. The ‘art’ of translation (as well as the ‘treason’) comes to play very much with participles. This semantic flexibility manifests itself in that participles can function adjectivally (including substantively) as well as verbally. In the first instance, a Greek participle can function like an attributive adjective, in a predicate nominative construction, or as a substantive. When functioning verbally, participles can communicate a variety of syntactical relationships, including temporal, manner, means, cause, condition, concession, purpose, result, or function as attendant circumstance, periphrastic, redundant, imperatively, or in a genitive absolute construction. It is important to spend some time in a good intermediate grammar textbook such as Wallace to familiarize yourself with these options. The other issue related to the meaning of participles concerns their “relative time.” Typically it has been taught that participles communicate time relative to the action of the main verb. Thus, present participles are action contemporaneous with the action of the main verb, while aorist and perfect participles communicate action preceding the action of the main verb (unless the main verb is itself an aorist; see Wallace). As with all such grammatical “rules”, this formulation has much to commend it but also many exceptions and potential problems. Another theory based on word order has been put forward by Stanley Porter. Overall, the most important thing to remember is that “context is king.” Context is the ultimate determiner in such interpretive decisions. 4