Download Verbal Adjectives PPT

Review 1: Verbal Adjectives –
Participles and Gerundives
Participles – The Basics
• Participles = verbal adjectives
– technically adjectives, with properties of verbs
• Like adjectives…
– modify nouns
– must agree with nouns they modify in gender,
number, and case
– can be used as nouns (substantives)
Participles – The Basics
• When used as substantives, gender & number
dictate how you translate, e.g.:
– captus = masc. sg. = the captured man
– captae = fem. pl. = the captured women
– capta = neut. pl. = the captured things
Participles – The Basics
• Like verbs…
– denote some kind of action or state of being
– show tense & voice
– can take direct objects (when active & transitive)
Participles – The Basics
• 4 types of participles:
1. Present Active (PAP)
2. Perfect Passive (PPP)
3. Future Active (FAP)
4. Future Passive (FPP)
• N.B.: sum only has one participle–the FAP
Present Active Participles
(PAPs)
PAPs
• Forms: PAPs can be recognized by –ns in the
nom. sg. or –nt– in all other forms
• Use: to show action happening at the same
time as (contemporaneously with) that of the
main verb
• Formation: present stem + –ns, –ntis*; decline
like 3rd decl. adj. of 1 termination
• Translation: verbing
PAPs
• Deponent Verbs:
– retain a PAP
– PAPs of deponent verbs look and act like regular
PAPs
– e.g.
– sequēns, sequentis – following
– horāns, hortantis – exhorting, urging
PAPs – Formation
• 1st Conj.: pres. stem (–ā–) + –ns, –ntis
– portō, portāre  portāns, portantis
• 2nd Conj.: pres. stem (–ē–) + –ns, –ntis
– videō, vidēre  vidēns, videntis
• 3rd Conj.: pres. stem (–e–) + –ns, –ntis
– vincō, vincere  vincēns, vincentis
PAPs – Formation
• 3rd –io Conj.: pres. stem (–i–) + –ens, –entis
– capiō, capere  capiēns, capientis
• 4th Conj.: pres. stem (–ī–) + –ens, –entis
– audiō, audīre  audiēns, audientis
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
N
M&F
N
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
N
capiēns
M&F
N
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
N
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
M&F
N
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
N
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
Dat.
capientī
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
M&F
N
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
N
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
Dat.
capientī
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
capientem
M&F
N
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
N
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
Dat.
capientī
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
capientem
capiēns
M&F
N
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
N
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
Dat.
capientī
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
capientem
capiēns
capientī (capiente*)
M&F
N
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
N
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
Dat.
capientī
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
capientem
capiēns
capientī (capiente*)
M&F
capientēs
N
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
N
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
Dat.
capientī
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
capientem
capiēns
capientī (capiente*)
M&F
N
capientēs
capientia
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
N
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
Dat.
capientī
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
capientem
capiēns
capientī (capiente*)
M&F
N
capientēs
capientia
capientium
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
Plural
N
M&F
N
capientēs
capientia
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
capientium
Dat.
capientī
capientibus
Acc.
Abl.
capientem
capiēns
capientī (capiente*)
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
Plural
N
M&F
N
capientēs
capientia
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
capientium
Dat.
capientī
capientibus
Acc.
Abl.
capientem
capiēns
capientī (capiente*)
capientēs
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
Plural
N
M&F
N
capientēs
capientia
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
capientium
Dat.
capientī
capientibus
Acc.
Abl.
capientem
capiēns
capientī (capiente*)
capientēs
capientia
PAPs – Declension
• Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx,
potēns)
• Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking
Singular
M&F
Plural
N
M&F
N
capientēs
capientia
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
capientium
Dat.
capientī
capientibus
Acc.
Abl.
capientem
capiēns
capientī (capiente*)
capientēs
capientia
capientibus
PAPs – Declension
Singular
M&F
Plural
N
M&F
N
capientēs
capientia
Nom.
capiēns
Gen.
capientis
capientium
Dat.
capientī
capientibus
Acc.
Abl.
capientem
capiēns
capientī (capiente*)
capientēs
capientia
capientibus
*When used as a substantive, the abl. sg. = –e, NOT –ī
Perfect Passive Participles
(PPPs)
PPPs
• Forms: 4th principal part of verbs
• Use: to show action that happened before
that of the main verb
• Formation: 4th principal part; decline like a 21-2 adjective (1st & 2nd decl.)
• Translation: verbed; having been verbed
PPPs
• Deponent Verbs:
– the PPP of a deponent verb is translated actively
– sounds like a perfect active participle
– e.g.:
– secutus = having followed
– hortātus = having exhorted
Future Active Participles
(FAPs)
FAPs
• Forms: recognizable by the –ūr– inserted into
the 4th PP
• Use: to show action that will happen after or
subsequent to that of the main verb
• Formation: 4th principal part; drop ending;
add –ur–; decline like a 2-1-2 adjective
• Translation: about to verb/going to verb
Active Periphrastic
• Forms: FAP + form of sum, esse
• Use: to show action that will happen after or
subsequent to that of the main verb, most
frequently in subordinate clauses
• Translation: translation of sum + about
to/going to verb
• e.g.: itūrī sumus = we are about to go
Future Passive Participles
(FPPs)
FPPs
• Forms: recognizable by the –nd– infix in all
forms
• Use: as a simple adjective or in the gerundive
construction
• Formation: present stem; add –nd–; decline
like a 2-1-2 adjective
• Translation: to be verbed
FPPs
• Deponent Verbs:
– FPPs of deponent verbs have passive meaning
– e.g.
– sequendus = to be followed
– hortandus = to be exhorted
The Gerundive Construction
• FPP + noun in various cases used to express
different notions
• NOT used in the nominative case
– if you see an FPP in the nominative case, it is just
modifying a noun, but this is NOT a gerundive
• The FPP in a gerundive is translated “verbing”
The Gerundive Construction
• Genitive Case:
– used with causā or gratiā (for the sake of…)
– Domī mānsī librōrum legendōrum causā.
The Gerundive Construction
• Genitive Case:
– used with causā or gratiā (for the sake of…)
– Domī mānsī librōrum legendōrum causā.
– I stayed home for the sake of reading books.
The Gerundive Construction
• Dative Case:
– used as indirect object
• Multum tempus librīs legendīs dedit.
The Gerundive Construction
• Dative Case:
– used as indirect object
• Multum tempus librīs legendīs dedit.
• She gave much time to reading books.
The Gerundive Construction
• Dative Case:
– used with adjectives that take the dative
– Hic locus librīs legendīs idōneus est.
The Gerundive Construction
• Dative Case:
– used with adjectives that take the dative
– Hic locus librīs legendīs idōneus est.
– This place is suitable for reading books.
The Gerundive Construction
• Accusative Case:
– used after ad to express purpose
– Hūc vēnī ad librōs legendōs.
The Gerundive Construction
• Accusative Case:
– used after ad to express purpose
– Hūc vēnī ad librōs legendōs.
– I came here to read books (for the purpose of
reading books).
The Gerundive Construction
• Ablative Case:
– used as an ablative of means
– Lībrīs legendīs multum didicit.
The Gerundive Construction
• Ablative Case:
– used as an ablative of means
– Lībrīs legendīs multum didicit.
– He learned much by (means of) reading books.
Passive Periphrastic
• Form: FPP + form of sum, esse
• Use: to show obligation or necessity
• Translation: a number of ways showing
necessity or obligation (has to be, must be,
ought to be, etc.)
• FPP in passive periphrastic must agree with
the subject in gender, number, and case
Passive Periphrastic
• e.g.: Hoc faciendum est =
– This must be done.
– This has to be done.
– This ought to be done.
– This is to be done.
Passive Periphrastic & Dative of Agent
• The passive periphrastic takes a dative to
express the doer or agent of an action
– this is called the dative of agent
• e.g.: Haec mihi facienda sunt.
– These things are to be done by me. / I am to do
these things.
– These things must be done by me. / I must do
these things.
Passive Periphrastic & Dative of Agent
• Exception!
• When a verb that takes a dative object is used
in passive periphrastic, the ablative of agent is
used to avoid confusion
• e.g. Patrī ā tē pārendum est.
– It must be obeyed to the father by you.
– You must obey your father.
Passive Periphrastic
w/ Intransitive Verbs
• Intransitive verbs = verbs which do not take direct
objects
• Intransitive verbs can only be used impersonally
in the passive voice
– impersonal verbs can have no personal subject; the
subject is always ‘it’
• So, passive periphrastic of intransitive verbs is
used impersonally in the 3rd SG Neuter only
• e.g.: Fortiter nobīs pugnandum est.
– It must be fought bravely by us. / We must fight
bravely.
Translating Participles
Translating Participles
• When combined with nouns, adverbs, or
prepositional phrases, participles form participial
phrases
• Translating participial phrases literally is often
awkward
• Best way to translate part. phrases is as a
subordinate clause
– relative, temporal, causal, or concessive
Translating Participles
• Translating as Relative Clause:
– Use WHO, WHICH, or THAT
– e.g.: Peliās vidēns Iāsōnem timuit.
– Pelias, who saw Jason, was afraid.
Translating Participles
• Translating as Temporal Clause:
– Use WHEN, ONCE, or WHILE
– e.g.: Peliās vidēns Iāsōnem timuit.
– Pelias was afraid when he saw Jason.
Translating Participles
• Translating as Causal Clause:
– Use SINCE
– e.g.: Peliās vidēns Iāsōnem timuit.
– Since he saw Jason, Pelias was afraid.
Translating Participles
• Translating as Concessive Clause:
– Use ALTHOUGH
– e.g.: Peliās vidēns Iāsōnem nōn timuit.
– Although he saw Jason, Pelias was not afraid.
Translating Tenses of Participles
• Remember: the tense of a participle indicates
time relative to that of the main verb, not
time absolutely
• Present PPLs = same time as main vb.
• Perfect PPLs = time before main vb.
• Future PPLs = time after main vb.