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Review 1: Verbal Adjectives – Participles and Gerundives Participles – The Basics • Participles = verbal adjectives – technically adjectives, with properties of verbs • Like adjectives… – modify nouns – must agree with nouns they modify in gender, number, and case – can be used as nouns (substantives) Participles – The Basics • When used as substantives, gender & number dictate how you translate, e.g.: – captus = masc. sg. = the captured man – captae = fem. pl. = the captured women – capta = neut. pl. = the captured things Participles – The Basics • Like verbs… – denote some kind of action or state of being – show tense & voice – can take direct objects (when active & transitive) Participles – The Basics • 4 types of participles: 1. Present Active (PAP) 2. Perfect Passive (PPP) 3. Future Active (FAP) 4. Future Passive (FPP) • N.B.: sum only has one participle–the FAP Present Active Participles (PAPs) PAPs • Forms: PAPs can be recognized by –ns in the nom. sg. or –nt– in all other forms • Use: to show action happening at the same time as (contemporaneously with) that of the main verb • Formation: present stem + –ns, –ntis*; decline like 3rd decl. adj. of 1 termination • Translation: verbing PAPs • Deponent Verbs: – retain a PAP – PAPs of deponent verbs look and act like regular PAPs – e.g. – sequēns, sequentis – following – horāns, hortantis – exhorting, urging PAPs – Formation • 1st Conj.: pres. stem (–ā–) + –ns, –ntis – portō, portāre portāns, portantis • 2nd Conj.: pres. stem (–ē–) + –ns, –ntis – videō, vidēre vidēns, videntis • 3rd Conj.: pres. stem (–e–) + –ns, –ntis – vincō, vincere vincēns, vincentis PAPs – Formation • 3rd –io Conj.: pres. stem (–i–) + –ens, –entis – capiō, capere capiēns, capientis • 4th Conj.: pres. stem (–ī–) + –ens, –entis – audiō, audīre audiēns, audientis PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Plural N M&F N PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Plural N capiēns M&F N PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F N Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis Dat. Acc. Abl. Plural M&F N PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F N Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis Dat. capientī Acc. Abl. Plural M&F N PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F N Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis Dat. capientī Acc. Abl. Plural capientem M&F N PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F N Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis Dat. capientī Acc. Abl. Plural capientem capiēns M&F N PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F N Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis Dat. capientī Acc. Abl. Plural capientem capiēns capientī (capiente*) M&F N PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F N Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis Dat. capientī Acc. Abl. Plural capientem capiēns capientī (capiente*) M&F capientēs N PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F N Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis Dat. capientī Acc. Abl. Plural capientem capiēns capientī (capiente*) M&F N capientēs capientia PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F N Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis Dat. capientī Acc. Abl. Plural capientem capiēns capientī (capiente*) M&F N capientēs capientia capientium PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F Plural N M&F N capientēs capientia Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis capientium Dat. capientī capientibus Acc. Abl. capientem capiēns capientī (capiente*) PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F Plural N M&F N capientēs capientia Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis capientium Dat. capientī capientibus Acc. Abl. capientem capiēns capientī (capiente*) capientēs PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F Plural N M&F N capientēs capientia Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis capientium Dat. capientī capientibus Acc. Abl. capientem capiēns capientī (capiente*) capientēs capientia PAPs – Declension • Like 3rd decl. adj. of one termination (e.g. fēlix, audāx, potēns) • Example: capiēns, capientis – seizing, taking Singular M&F Plural N M&F N capientēs capientia Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis capientium Dat. capientī capientibus Acc. Abl. capientem capiēns capientī (capiente*) capientēs capientia capientibus PAPs – Declension Singular M&F Plural N M&F N capientēs capientia Nom. capiēns Gen. capientis capientium Dat. capientī capientibus Acc. Abl. capientem capiēns capientī (capiente*) capientēs capientia capientibus *When used as a substantive, the abl. sg. = –e, NOT –ī Perfect Passive Participles (PPPs) PPPs • Forms: 4th principal part of verbs • Use: to show action that happened before that of the main verb • Formation: 4th principal part; decline like a 21-2 adjective (1st & 2nd decl.) • Translation: verbed; having been verbed PPPs • Deponent Verbs: – the PPP of a deponent verb is translated actively – sounds like a perfect active participle – e.g.: – secutus = having followed – hortātus = having exhorted Future Active Participles (FAPs) FAPs • Forms: recognizable by the –ūr– inserted into the 4th PP • Use: to show action that will happen after or subsequent to that of the main verb • Formation: 4th principal part; drop ending; add –ur–; decline like a 2-1-2 adjective • Translation: about to verb/going to verb Active Periphrastic • Forms: FAP + form of sum, esse • Use: to show action that will happen after or subsequent to that of the main verb, most frequently in subordinate clauses • Translation: translation of sum + about to/going to verb • e.g.: itūrī sumus = we are about to go Future Passive Participles (FPPs) FPPs • Forms: recognizable by the –nd– infix in all forms • Use: as a simple adjective or in the gerundive construction • Formation: present stem; add –nd–; decline like a 2-1-2 adjective • Translation: to be verbed FPPs • Deponent Verbs: – FPPs of deponent verbs have passive meaning – e.g. – sequendus = to be followed – hortandus = to be exhorted The Gerundive Construction • FPP + noun in various cases used to express different notions • NOT used in the nominative case – if you see an FPP in the nominative case, it is just modifying a noun, but this is NOT a gerundive • The FPP in a gerundive is translated “verbing” The Gerundive Construction • Genitive Case: – used with causā or gratiā (for the sake of…) – Domī mānsī librōrum legendōrum causā. The Gerundive Construction • Genitive Case: – used with causā or gratiā (for the sake of…) – Domī mānsī librōrum legendōrum causā. – I stayed home for the sake of reading books. The Gerundive Construction • Dative Case: – used as indirect object • Multum tempus librīs legendīs dedit. The Gerundive Construction • Dative Case: – used as indirect object • Multum tempus librīs legendīs dedit. • She gave much time to reading books. The Gerundive Construction • Dative Case: – used with adjectives that take the dative – Hic locus librīs legendīs idōneus est. The Gerundive Construction • Dative Case: – used with adjectives that take the dative – Hic locus librīs legendīs idōneus est. – This place is suitable for reading books. The Gerundive Construction • Accusative Case: – used after ad to express purpose – Hūc vēnī ad librōs legendōs. The Gerundive Construction • Accusative Case: – used after ad to express purpose – Hūc vēnī ad librōs legendōs. – I came here to read books (for the purpose of reading books). The Gerundive Construction • Ablative Case: – used as an ablative of means – Lībrīs legendīs multum didicit. The Gerundive Construction • Ablative Case: – used as an ablative of means – Lībrīs legendīs multum didicit. – He learned much by (means of) reading books. Passive Periphrastic • Form: FPP + form of sum, esse • Use: to show obligation or necessity • Translation: a number of ways showing necessity or obligation (has to be, must be, ought to be, etc.) • FPP in passive periphrastic must agree with the subject in gender, number, and case Passive Periphrastic • e.g.: Hoc faciendum est = – This must be done. – This has to be done. – This ought to be done. – This is to be done. Passive Periphrastic & Dative of Agent • The passive periphrastic takes a dative to express the doer or agent of an action – this is called the dative of agent • e.g.: Haec mihi facienda sunt. – These things are to be done by me. / I am to do these things. – These things must be done by me. / I must do these things. Passive Periphrastic & Dative of Agent • Exception! • When a verb that takes a dative object is used in passive periphrastic, the ablative of agent is used to avoid confusion • e.g. Patrī ā tē pārendum est. – It must be obeyed to the father by you. – You must obey your father. Passive Periphrastic w/ Intransitive Verbs • Intransitive verbs = verbs which do not take direct objects • Intransitive verbs can only be used impersonally in the passive voice – impersonal verbs can have no personal subject; the subject is always ‘it’ • So, passive periphrastic of intransitive verbs is used impersonally in the 3rd SG Neuter only • e.g.: Fortiter nobīs pugnandum est. – It must be fought bravely by us. / We must fight bravely. Translating Participles Translating Participles • When combined with nouns, adverbs, or prepositional phrases, participles form participial phrases • Translating participial phrases literally is often awkward • Best way to translate part. phrases is as a subordinate clause – relative, temporal, causal, or concessive Translating Participles • Translating as Relative Clause: – Use WHO, WHICH, or THAT – e.g.: Peliās vidēns Iāsōnem timuit. – Pelias, who saw Jason, was afraid. Translating Participles • Translating as Temporal Clause: – Use WHEN, ONCE, or WHILE – e.g.: Peliās vidēns Iāsōnem timuit. – Pelias was afraid when he saw Jason. Translating Participles • Translating as Causal Clause: – Use SINCE – e.g.: Peliās vidēns Iāsōnem timuit. – Since he saw Jason, Pelias was afraid. Translating Participles • Translating as Concessive Clause: – Use ALTHOUGH – e.g.: Peliās vidēns Iāsōnem nōn timuit. – Although he saw Jason, Pelias was not afraid. Translating Tenses of Participles • Remember: the tense of a participle indicates time relative to that of the main verb, not time absolutely • Present PPLs = same time as main vb. • Perfect PPLs = time before main vb. • Future PPLs = time after main vb.