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Chapter 1: Science of Biology
Hypothesis- a guess on how something works based off of information that is know and
information that is unknown
Controlled experiment- an experiment where one variable is changed at a time
Theory- well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
Metabolism- The process of breaking down or building up materials to maintain life
Stimulus- Something that an organism responds to
Homeostasis- fairly constant state maintained by an organis,
Microscope: device that produces magnified images of structures that are too small to see with
the unaided eye
Biology- Study of life
Cell –basic unit of life
Evolution- change over time
Science- a organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world.
Ch. 2: The Chemistry of Life
Atom- Means unable to be cut, Basic unit of matter
Element- a pure substance made up of one type of atom
Isotope- Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons
Compound- a substance with more than one type atom or element
Ionic bond- Bond that is formed between ions
Covalent bond- formed by sharing electrons
Molecule- combination of two or more atoms covalently bonded
Mixture- substances are physically put together, but not chemically bound
Solution- Mixture in which molecules are evenly distributed
Ph scale- measures H+ concentration, 7 neutral/ below 7 acidic/ above 7 basic
Carbohydrate- major source of energy for humans/ made up of carbon/ hydrogen/ and oxygen
Lipid- Fats/oils/ and waxes/ used to store energy
Nucleic Acid- DNA/ RNA- made of nucleotides
Protein- your traits, includes enzymes.
Enzyme- a protein that speeds up the rate of reactions, catalyst
Fatty acid- monomer of a lipid
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid; carries genetic info
RNA- ribonucleic acid; made from DNA and carries the code for making the protein
Polymer- made from putting monomers together (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
Monosaccharide- a single sugar; ring form; glucose is an example
Nucleotide- the monomer of a nucleic acid; made of phosphate group, sugar and N base
Acid- has a high concentration of H+ ions. pH of 0-6
Base- has a high concentration of OH- ions. pH of 8-14
Ch. 3 The Biosphere
Ecology- studies of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their
environment
Biosphere- portion of the earth where life exists, land water, and air 8 km above/ 11 km below
Species- very similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring
Population- group of same species organisms that live in the same area
Community- groups of populations that live in a defined area
Ecosystem- Community + nonliving factors/ environment
Autotroph- produces their own energy
Photosynthesis- making energy by using light
Chemosynthesis- making energy for chemical energy
Heterotroph- has to get energy for other sources
Decomposer- breaks down organic material
Food Chain- steps in which energy is transferred from one organism to another
Food Web- network of food chains
Nutrient- chemical substances an organism needs to survive
Nitrogen Fixation- bacteria fix nitrogen from the air into the soil
Limiting nutrient- nutrient that limits the growth of an organism or ecosystem
Ecological Pyramid- diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each
trophic level in a food chain or food web.
Ch. 4 The Role of the Climate
Green house effect- heat is kept in the earth by a blanket of gases
Habitat- both non-living and living factors
Niche- physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the
organism uses these factors
Resource-any necessity of life: water, food, space
Competitive exclusion principle- no two species can occupy the same niche in the place at the
same time
Symbiosis- organisms closely live together
Ecological succession- process where a community changes over time
Biome- complex terrestrial (on land) communities that cover a large area and is characterized by
certain soil and climate conditions and particular assemblages of plants and animals
Ch. 5 Populations
Population Density- number of individuals per unit area
Carrying Capacity—number of species an environment can support
Exponential Growth- J curve- individuals reproduce at a constant rate
Logistic Growth- S curve- Exponential growth followed by a slowing or stopping period
Limiting Factor- factor that limits the population growth; decrease
Ch. 6: Humans in the Biosphere
Invasive species- species introduced into a new habitat and often compete with native species
for resources.
Global warming- increase in the earths temperature
Ozone layer-layer above earth’s surface that is made of O3 (ozone) that keeps harmful UV rays
from reaching earth’s surface.
Ch. 7 Cells
Eukaryote- More complex cells with a nucleus
Prokaryote- simple cells without a nucleus
Organelle- small organ like structures in cells
Chromosome- Tight coil of DNA
Ribosome- assembles proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum- Internal transport system for materials made by cells.
Golgi apparatus- Modifies, sorts and packages proteins storage or secretion
Lysosome- Little sacs full of enzymes, digestion
Vacuole- Holds Water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Mitochondrion- Power plant of the cell, ATP is made here
Chloroplast- Converts light energy to chemical energy, Sugar.
Cell membrane- Lipid bilayer, which contains the cell
Cell wall- provides protection for the cell, in plants
Diffusion- the movement of molecules across a gradient
Osmosis- diffusion of water across semi-permeable membrane.
Facilitated diffusion- diffusion that uses a protein to move molecules without energy
Active transport- using energy to gain molecules within a cell, against the concentration
gradient.
ATP- Energy
Cell- basic unit of life
Exocytosis- process of materials leaving a cell in bulk
Endocytosis- process of materials entering a cell in bulk
Cell specialization- cells perform specific functions related to their structure
Hypotonic solution- concentration of solutes is greater inside a cell than out. Water moves in.
Hypertonic solution- concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than in. Water moves
out.
Isotonic- concentration of solutes is equal in a outside the cell. Water moves in both directions.
Ch. 10 Cell Growth
Mitosis- part of cell division where the nucleus divides
Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm, two new cells form
Chromatid- one of two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome
Centromere- Holds chromatids together
Interphase- period inbetween cell divisions
Cell cycle- cycle of a cell getting ready to divide and then dividing
Prophase- chromosomes become visible, centrioles separate, and nuclear envelope breaks down
Centriole- produces spindle fibers which connect to centromere, only in animal cells.
Spindle (fiber)- connect to centromere and help separate chromatids
Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell,
Anaphase- chromatids separate and head towards opposite ends of the cell
Telophase- chromosomes are at separate ends nuclear envelope begins to form
Cyclin- Regulates the cell cycle
Cancer- Uncontrolled growth of cells
Ch. 11: Introduction to genetics
Genetics- the study of heredity
Gene- located on chromosomes, made of DNA
Allele- different forms of a gene (A,a)
Trait- specific characteristic
Gamete- sex cell; sperm/egg
Fertilization- sperm and egg join during sexual reproduction
Homozygous- same (AA, aa)
Heterozygous-different (Aa)
Genotype- genetic makeup (AA, Aa, aa)
Phenotype- physical appearance, protein made
Meiosis- process of making sex cells with half genetic info
Haploid- 1 set of chromosomes (sex cells), n
Diploid- 2 sets of chromosome (body cells), 2n
Polygenic- 2 or more genes determining a trait (hair color, eye color, skin color)
Crossing over- occurs during Prophase 1 of meiosis and allows for variation among organisms.
Incomplete dominance- one allele is not dominant over another, blended. Red and white = pink
Codominance- Both alleles are fully expressed. Blood type AB
Indepdendent assortment- gene pairs separate randomly and independently of each other
during meiosis.
Multiple alleles- there are more than 2 alleles in a population. Blood type: A,B,O
Ch. 12 DNA and RNA
Nucleotide- nucleic acid made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
Base pairing- bond only form between Adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine
Chromatin- DNA and protein
Replication- process in which DNA is duplicated
Messenger RNA- RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly amino acids
into proteins
Ribosomal RNA- makes up the major portion of ribosomes
Transfer RNA- transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
Transcription- DNA is copied to a complementary piece of RNA
Codon- three nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
Translation- decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
Anticodon- Complementary message on tRNA of mRNA
mutation- Change of genetic material
Differentiation- process of cells being specialized and having different functions based on
structure
DNA polymerase- enzyme used in DNA replication that attaches free nucleotides to the strand.
RNA polymerase- enzymes used in transcription that attaches free RNA nucleotides to make
new RNA strand.
Ch. 13: Genetic Engineering
Selective Breeding (artificial selection)- mating two organisms for desired traits
Genetic Engineering- manipulating genes for desired traits
Clone- exact copy of an organism
Ch 14: The Human Genome\
Autosome- non sex chromosome 1-22
Pedigree- chart used to show traits passed among family members
Kayotype- chromosomes stained and sorted for viewing of genetic disorders or sex
determination
Sex- Linked Gene- located on X chromosome (Y only carries SRY gene for male
determination)
Nondisjuntion- chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis. Get 1 or 3 copies of a
chromosome instead of 2.
Sex chromosome- X,Y, (number 23)
Ch. 15: Evolution
Evolution- Change over time, modern organisms arose from ancient ones
Theory- well supported testable explanation of phenomena
Artificial selection- Humans select animals that can reproduce
Fitness- Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment
Adaptation- inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance at survival
Natural selection- better suited organisms survive and reproduce, weaker one’s don’t. Survival
of the fittest
Homologous structure- different mature forms, but develop from the same embryonic tissues.
Evidence of relationship. Arm of bat, human, turtle.
Vestigial organ- Organ that has no useful function remains of a once used organ.
Analogous structures- same form, different function. Wings of butterfly and insect. NOT
related.
Adaptation- INHERITED traits that increases organism chance of survival
Ch. 16 Evolutions of Populations
Gene pool- All genes that are present in a population
Relative Frequency- # of times an allele is present compared to other alleles of the same gene
occur
Single-gene trait- Only one gene controls a trait
Polygenic trait- controlled by many genes. Shown by a bell curve.
Directional selection- Organisms at one end of the curve have higher fitness than those in the
middle, Range of phenotypes shifts
Stabilizing selection- middle of curve has higher fitness, curve narrows
Disruptive selection- both ends have higher fitness
Genetic drift- small population, random change in alleles
Genetic Equilibrium- gene frequencies remain constant
Speciation- formation of a new species
Reproductive isolation- separation of species or populations so that they can’t interbreed and
produce fertile offspring
Ch. 18 Classification
Phylogeny- tree of life showing how closely related organisms are
Evolutionary Classification- grouping organism based on evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy- naming and identifying organisms
Kingdom- largest group of classification- 6
Linneaus- person who made modern day classification system. Father of taxonomy
Eubacteria- Kingdom. True- bacteria
Archeabacteria- Kingdom- Ancient bacteria. Live in extreme environments
Protista- Kingdom of Misfits: Plant-like, animal-like and fungus-like. Eukayotic, unicellular or
multicellular.
Fungi- Kingdom of mushrooms. Eukayotic, unicellular or multicellular.
Animalia- Kingdom of Animals
Plantae- Kingdom of Plants
Binominal nomenclature- Genus species. 2 name, naming system by Linneaus.
Genus- a group of related species
Species- the most specific taxon. All of the same kind.
Ch. 19 Bacteria
Prokaryote- simple cells without a nucleus
Chemoautotroph- produces their own energy using chemicals
Chemoheterotroph- get energy from chemicals (humans)
Photoautotroph- make own energy with light (plants)
Photohetertroph- get energy from light source and other chemical compounds
Virus- nonliving pathogen
Pathogen- disease causing agent
Vaccine- weakened or killed strain of pathogen given for body build own immunity.
Antibiotic- given to inhibit reproduction of living pathogens in the body.
Aerobe- needs oxygen to survive
Ch. 40 The Immune System
Disease- any change, other than injury, that disrupts the normal body functions
Allergy- adverse reactive to a substance that is not harmful in itself. Immune system over-reacts.
Immunity- Body’s natural defense against pathogens.
Immune Response- specific to the pathogen it is fighting. Cell-mediated (T Cells) or Humoral
(B cells)
Pathogen- disease causing agent
Vector- organism used to spread disease (deer tick- lime disease)
Antigen- anything that elicits the immune response
Antibody- protein (Y shaped) that is used in the humoral immune response to fight specific
pathogens
Antibiotic- given to inhibit reproduction of living pathogens in the body
Inflammatory Response- non-specific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or
infection. 2nd line of defense