Download The Beginning of the Roman Empire

The Beginning of the Roman Empire
The Land and People
Rome is in Italy, on a
peninsula
Appenine Mountain
Range divides the
west from the east
Fertile land for
farming
Rome is located in the
plain of Latium
The Latins
The Latins were
herders and farmers.
Lived in the tops of
Rome’s hills.
Two other groups in
Rome after 800 BC:
The Etruscans
The Greeks
Map of Italian
Peninsula
The Rise of Rome
Greeks came to Italy
between 750 BC and
550 BC.
Arrived in southern
Italy and migrated
north.
Occupied eastern Sicily
Contributed through
agricultural, alphabet,
and culture.
The Etruscans
Influenced the early
development of Rome
the most
Came to control Rome
and most of Latium
after 650 BC
Adopted Roman dress
The Roman Republic
509 BC: Romans
overthrew the last
Etruscan king and
established a
Republic
Next 200 years:
continuous warfare.
264 BC, the Romans
defeated the Greeks.
The Roman Republic
Romans formed the
Roman federation
Romans let
conquered people
keep their way of life,
but had to provide
soldiers for Rome
This made conquered
people more
supportive of Rome.
The Roman Republic
Romans believed their
early ancestors were
successful because of
their duty, courage,
and discipline.
Livy (a historian)
wrote stories about
greatness in early
Rome.
The Roman Republic
What else made
Rome successful?
They were:
1. good diplomats
2. good in military
matters
3. Brilliant strategists
4. very practical
The Roman Republic
Early Rome was divided
into two groups:
Patricians: wealthy
landowners who became
Rome’s ruling class.
Plebeians: less wealthy
landowners, small farmers,
craftspeople, and
merchants.
*Both classes could vote, but
only Patricians could be
elected to office.
Roman Government
2 Groups in charge of
the Roman Republic:
Consuls: two chosen
every year, ran the
government and led
army into battle.
Praetors: in charge of
civil law-”laws that
apply to citizens”
Roman Politics
The Roman Senate
was a group of about
300 patricians who
served for life.
Originally the Senate
could only give advice
to government officials
By the 3rd century BC, it
had the authority to
pass laws.
Patricians and Plebeians
Patricians and
plebeians often
disagreed.
Children of the two
groups couldn’t get
married, and that
made plebeians mad.
Plebeians and Patricians
Plebeians served in
the army, which
protected Rome, and
they were mad about
the restrictions that
were placed on them
Patricians and Plebeians
Patricians and
plebeians argued for
centuries.
Eventually a popular
assembly for plebeians
was created.
Eventually, the
plebeians got the
freedom to marry who
they please.
Roman Law
One of Rome’s most
important contributions
was its system of law.
The Twelve Tables
(pg. 149 in standard
book)
-the first written set of
laws that were publicly
displayed in Rome.
Roman Law
Prior to the Twelve
Tables, the patricians
made the laws and
served as judges.
The Tables protected
the rights of
patricians and
plebeians.
Law Activity
Table I: Proceedings Preliminary to trial“if both parties are present, sunset shall be the time limit of
the proceedings”
Table III: Execution of Judgement- “Thirty days shall be
allowed by law for payment of confessed debt for
settlement of matters adjudged in court.”
Table IX: Public Law: “For anyone whomsoever to be put
to death without a trial and unconvicted…is forbidden.”
Table XII: Supplementary Laws- “Whatever the people
ordain last shall be legally valid.”
The First Punic War
Rome vs. Carthage
Who is Carthage?
Founded by the
Phoenicians around
800 BC
Located in North
Africa
Largest and richest
state in
Mediterranean
The First Punic War
Started in 264 BC
Romans were nervous
about Carthaginians
being in Sicily
Romans sent army to
Sicily and
Carthaginians fought
back
The First Punic War
Rome built a navy
After a long struggle,
a Roman fleet
defeated the
Carthaginian navy,
ending the war in 241
BC
Carthage gave up
Sicily
Results of the First Punic War
Carthage was forced to
pay a fine to the
Romans
Sicily became the first
Roman province
Carthage vowed
revenge, and added
new territory in Spain
Romans encouraged
people in Spain to
revolt
Hannibal
The Second Punic War
Hannibal took the
fight to Rome
Marched to Rome
with:
46,000 men
Lots of horses
37 elephants
*Most of the elephants
died on the journey
The Second Punic War
Rome made mistake by meeting Carthaginians headon
Battle of Cannae: Romans suffered huge defeat, but
refused to surrender
The Second Punic War
Hannibal didn’t have
enough men to attack
major cities in Italy
Romans began
recovering some of
the cities Hannibal
had conquered.
They also forced
Carthaginians out of
Spain
The Second Punic War
Rome invaded
Carthage instead of
fighting in Italy
The Battle of Zama
(202 BC) was the final
defeat of the
Carthaginians
Scipio was the
Roman leader at
Zama
Results
Rome was the
dominant power in
the western
Mediterranean
The Third Punic War
In 146 BC, Carthage
was destroyed
Romans burned the city
and sold the inhabitants
into slavery
Rome also conquered
Macedonia, Greece, and
Pergamum
Rome became the
master of the
Mediterranean world
From Republic To Empire
Main idea: Rome began to shift from a
republic to an empire.
Armies became more loyal to generals
than to Rome and started fighting each
other (CIVIL WAR).
The First Triumvirate
Triumvirate:
government by three
people with equal
power.
Crassus: richest man
in Rome
Pompey: military hero
in Spain
Julius Caesar: military
hero in France
The First Triumvirate
Crassus killed in
battle
The Senate voted to
give power to
Pompey, and ordered
Caesar to resign.
Caesar refused.
The First Triumvirate
Caesar’s army
marched on Rome
and started a war
against Pompey.
Caesar defeated
Pompey.
Julius Caesar’s Reforms
Caesar was made
temporary dictator.
Increased senate
from 300 to 900
people, filled it with
his supporters.
Senators feared he
was going to remain
dictator, so they killed
him in 44 BC.
The Second Triumvirate
Three men struggled
to take power after
Caesar’s death:
Octavian (Caesar’s
grand-nephew)
Antony (Caesar’s ally
and assistant)
Lepidus (commander
of Caesar’s cavalry)
The Second Triumvirate
Octavian took control
of the west.
Antony took control of
the east.
Allied with Cleopatra
Octavian defeated
Antony & Cleopatra’s
forces at the Battle of
Actium.
The Age of Augustus
Octavian claimed he
was going to “restore the
Republic”
He gave some power to
the Senate
However, he became the
first Roman emperor
In 27 BC the Senate
awarded him the title of
Augustus
Augustus and the army
The Senate gave
Octavian the title
imperator, which means
“commander in chief.”
He maintained a standing
army of about 150,000
legionnaires.
Also had about 9,000
men who were in charge
of protecting him.
Augustus
Augustus conquered a lot of new areas.
Failed to conquer present-day Germany.
Augustus died in 14 A.D., the period from
14 A.D. until 180 A.D. is known as The
Early Empire
Roman Empire
Emperors and the Early Empire
The first four
emperors after
Augustus were all
related to him.
They were:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tiberius
Caligula
Claudius
Nero
Emperors in the Early Empire
Nero had people killed
to get them out of his
way (even his own
mother).
The Senate couldn’t stop
him because he was in
charge of the military.
Nero committed suicide,
leading to a civil war.
Emperors in the Early Empire
The major problem
during this time in the
Roman Empire was
that there was no
system for selecting
a new emperor.
Anyone who could
control the military to
support them could
become emperor
The Five Good Emperors
1. Nerva
2. Trajan
3. Hadrian
4. Antoninus Pius
5. Marcus Aurelias
These emperors
concluded an era known
as the “Pax Romana”
(27AD-180 A.D.)
called “Good” because
they were tolerant.
The Five Good Emperors
All did a good job of
choosing their
successors, which
reduced conflict
Created new social
programs for Rome:
Trajan: gave money to
help poor people raise
children
Hadrian: built public
works projects.
Classwork Assignment
Define the following terms: Crassus,
Pompey, Julius Caesar, triumvirate,
Rubicon River, dictator, Octavian, Antony,
Augustus, imperator, Nero, Pax Romana
1 point each (12 points total)
USE YOUR BOOK!!
Rome
The Empire Expands
By the end of 2nd Century, the Empire was
overextended.
Size: 3.5 million square miles
Population: about 50 million.
Languages in the Empire
Latin: Western Empire
Greek: Eastern
Empire
Combination of these
cultures is called:
“Greco-Roman”
civilization
Economy and Society
Trade extended to China
Grain was imported from Egypt to feed Romans.
Rome was the first consumption-oriented society
in the Western hemisphere.
Economy and Society
Farming was the most
popular occupation
Farming was mostly
done on large estates,
called latifundia,
These estates raised
sheep and cattle
Slavery
Romans depended on
slave labor more than
any other ancient
civilization.
Romans enslaved lots
of Greeks when they
took over Hellenistic
civilizations
Teachers, musicians,
doctors, and artists.
Slave Revolts
Slaves lived in
horrible conditions.
Spartacus: leader of
the most famous
slave revolt (73 BC).
He led 70,000 slaves
out of captivity and
defeated several
Roman armies.
Art and Architecture
Romans copied Greek
ideas for art and
architecture
Romans excelled in
architecture:
The arch, vault and
dome were added to
the Greek tradition of
rectangular buildings
Arch
Vault
Family Life and Women’s Roles
Upper-class children
were expected to
learn to read.
The father was in
charge of the
education of his
children.
For boys, childhood
ended at 16.
Family Life and Women’s Roles
Female patricians
often went to school,
but not as long as
males.
Females usually got
married at the time
males went to
secondary school.
Women’s Roles
Had to have a male
guardian.
Fathers often
arranged marriages.
Females could marry
at 12, but most did at
14.
Males could marry at
14, but most waited
until later.
Women’s roles
Roman marriages
were meant to be for
life
However, divorce was
introduced in the third
century B.C.
Either the husband or
the wife could ask for
a divorce.
Changes in women’s roles
By the 100s A.D.
women were no
longer required to
have guardians
Men no longer had
absolute authority
over their wives.
Changes in Women’s Roles
Women had lots of
freedom in Early
Roman Empire
They could own,
inherit, and sell
property.
They could go into
public unsupervised.
They could not
participate in politics.
Living Conditions in Rome
Rome: biggest city in
the empire.
It was full of beautiful
buildings, but was
overcrowded and
dirty
Poor people lived in
poorly built apartment
buildings called
insulae.
Living Conditions
The government put
on entertainment for
the public
Chariot races were
held at the Circus
Maximus.
Gladiator shows
were the most
popular entertainment
shows
Decline and Fall
After Marcus Aurelius
died, there was a
period of conflict and
confusion.
After a series of civil
wars, a military
government arose.
There were 22
emperors between
235 and 284.
Decline and Fall
Invasions, plague,
and civil wars crippled
Roman economy
Farm production
decreased
By the mid 200s, the
Roman government
was hiring Germans
to fight for them.
Reforms
Diocletian and
Constantine: two
emperors who tried to
reform Rome.
Diocletian:
New government
structure, new
economic systems,
and new religion.
Divided the empire
into 4 sections.
Constantine
Constantine continued
and expanded
Diocletian’s reforms.
He built a new capital
called Byzantium,
(Istanbul, Turkey
now)
The new capital was
called the “New
Rome.”
The Fall
Germanic tribes
attacked Western
Roman Empire.
Huns attacked
Visigoths in Eastern
Europe
Vandals attacked
southern Spain and
Africa.
The Fall
476: Romulus
Augustus was
replaced by a
Germanic military
leader, ending the
Western Roman
Empire
The Eastern Roman
Empire (also known as
Byzantine Empire)
continued on.
Theories about why Rome fell
Christianity’s emphasis on a spiritual
kingdom weakened military virtues.
Lead poisoning from pipes and cups
caused a mental decline
Didn’t advance technologically due to
slavery
Political system was not good enough.
Review Game
1. What is the name for a professional
soldier in Rome?
Answer
Legionnaire
Question
2. What was the title given to Octavian by
the Senate?
Answer
Augustus (or emperator)
Question
3. What is the period from 14AD to
180AD called?
Answer
Early Empire
Question
What was the name for the less wealthy
social class in Rome?
Answer
Plebeians
Question
What early civilization was most influential
in the development of Roman civilization?
Answer
Etruscans
Question
Where were the Etruscans from?
Answers
Etruria
Question
What was the name for the wealthy
upper-class in Rome?
Answer
Patricians
Question
Where is Etruria in relation to Rome and
the Italian peninsula?
Answer
To the North
Question
What language was spoken in the western
portion of the Roman empire?
Answer
Latin
Question
What language was spoken in the eastern
portion of the Roman empire?
Answer
Greek
Question
Who were the two people from the first
triumvirate who fought each other in a
civil war?
Answer
Julius Caesar and Pompey
Question
Who won?
Answer
Caesar
Question
Who were the two people from the second
triumvirate who fought each other in a
civil war?
Answer
Octavian and Antony
Question
Who won?
Answer
Octavian
Question
Who was the “richest man in Rome”? (in
the 1st triumvirate)?
Answer
Crassus
Question
Name the members of the first
triumvirate.
Answer
Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
Question
Name the members of the second
triumvirate
Answer
Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
Question
What was the title for the chief executive
officer of the Roman government who led
troops into battle? (hint: there were 2
appointed each year)
Answer
Consul
Question
Name one of Cleopatra’s babies-daddies.
Answer
Caesar, Antony
Question
What reform did Caesar make to the
Senate?
Answer
Increased the number of members from
300 to 900.
Question
What was the problem with the passing of
power in Rome?
Answer
There was no set system for passing the
power from one emperor to another.
Question
What did the “five good emperors” do to
fix this problem?
Answer
They hand-picked their successors.
Question
What did the 4 emperors after Octavian all
have in common?
Answer
They were all related to Octavian.
Question
Who fought at the Battle of Actium?
Answer
Antony/Cleopatra’s forces vs. Octavian
Question
The word for the executive in the Roman
government who was in charge of the civil
laws.
Answer
Praetor
Question
Who won the Battle of Actium?
Answer
Octavian
Question
What is the term for the combination of
Roman and Greek civilization/culture?
Answer
Greco-Roman
Question
What were the three groups that were
most influential in settling the Italian
peninsula?
Answer
Greeks, Latins, and Etruscans
Question
What was the chief occupation in the
Roman empire?
Answer
Farming
Question
Name the three seas that border the
Italian Peninsula (DON’T SAY
MEDITERRANEAN!)
Answer
Adriatic, Tyrrhenian, Ionian
Question
What is the name of the mountain range
that divides the Italian peninsula into
eastern and western sections?
Answer
Apennine
Question
What is the name of the river Rome is
located on?
Answer
Tiber
Question
Who was the first emperor of Rome?
Answer
Octavian
Question
Which emperor was assassinated by his
fellow senators in 44BC?
Answer
Julius Caesar
Question
What was the first publicly displayed set of
laws in Rome?
Answer
12 Tables