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The Beginning of the Roman Empire The Land and People Rome is in Italy, on a peninsula Appenine Mountain Range divides the west from the east Fertile land for farming Rome is located in the plain of Latium The Latins The Latins were herders and farmers. Lived in the tops of Rome’s hills. Two other groups in Rome after 800 BC: The Etruscans The Greeks Map of Italian Peninsula The Rise of Rome Greeks came to Italy between 750 BC and 550 BC. Arrived in southern Italy and migrated north. Occupied eastern Sicily Contributed through agricultural, alphabet, and culture. The Etruscans Influenced the early development of Rome the most Came to control Rome and most of Latium after 650 BC Adopted Roman dress The Roman Republic 509 BC: Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a Republic Next 200 years: continuous warfare. 264 BC, the Romans defeated the Greeks. The Roman Republic Romans formed the Roman federation Romans let conquered people keep their way of life, but had to provide soldiers for Rome This made conquered people more supportive of Rome. The Roman Republic Romans believed their early ancestors were successful because of their duty, courage, and discipline. Livy (a historian) wrote stories about greatness in early Rome. The Roman Republic What else made Rome successful? They were: 1. good diplomats 2. good in military matters 3. Brilliant strategists 4. very practical The Roman Republic Early Rome was divided into two groups: Patricians: wealthy landowners who became Rome’s ruling class. Plebeians: less wealthy landowners, small farmers, craftspeople, and merchants. *Both classes could vote, but only Patricians could be elected to office. Roman Government 2 Groups in charge of the Roman Republic: Consuls: two chosen every year, ran the government and led army into battle. Praetors: in charge of civil law-”laws that apply to citizens” Roman Politics The Roman Senate was a group of about 300 patricians who served for life. Originally the Senate could only give advice to government officials By the 3rd century BC, it had the authority to pass laws. Patricians and Plebeians Patricians and plebeians often disagreed. Children of the two groups couldn’t get married, and that made plebeians mad. Plebeians and Patricians Plebeians served in the army, which protected Rome, and they were mad about the restrictions that were placed on them Patricians and Plebeians Patricians and plebeians argued for centuries. Eventually a popular assembly for plebeians was created. Eventually, the plebeians got the freedom to marry who they please. Roman Law One of Rome’s most important contributions was its system of law. The Twelve Tables (pg. 149 in standard book) -the first written set of laws that were publicly displayed in Rome. Roman Law Prior to the Twelve Tables, the patricians made the laws and served as judges. The Tables protected the rights of patricians and plebeians. Law Activity Table I: Proceedings Preliminary to trial“if both parties are present, sunset shall be the time limit of the proceedings” Table III: Execution of Judgement- “Thirty days shall be allowed by law for payment of confessed debt for settlement of matters adjudged in court.” Table IX: Public Law: “For anyone whomsoever to be put to death without a trial and unconvicted…is forbidden.” Table XII: Supplementary Laws- “Whatever the people ordain last shall be legally valid.” The First Punic War Rome vs. Carthage Who is Carthage? Founded by the Phoenicians around 800 BC Located in North Africa Largest and richest state in Mediterranean The First Punic War Started in 264 BC Romans were nervous about Carthaginians being in Sicily Romans sent army to Sicily and Carthaginians fought back The First Punic War Rome built a navy After a long struggle, a Roman fleet defeated the Carthaginian navy, ending the war in 241 BC Carthage gave up Sicily Results of the First Punic War Carthage was forced to pay a fine to the Romans Sicily became the first Roman province Carthage vowed revenge, and added new territory in Spain Romans encouraged people in Spain to revolt Hannibal The Second Punic War Hannibal took the fight to Rome Marched to Rome with: 46,000 men Lots of horses 37 elephants *Most of the elephants died on the journey The Second Punic War Rome made mistake by meeting Carthaginians headon Battle of Cannae: Romans suffered huge defeat, but refused to surrender The Second Punic War Hannibal didn’t have enough men to attack major cities in Italy Romans began recovering some of the cities Hannibal had conquered. They also forced Carthaginians out of Spain The Second Punic War Rome invaded Carthage instead of fighting in Italy The Battle of Zama (202 BC) was the final defeat of the Carthaginians Scipio was the Roman leader at Zama Results Rome was the dominant power in the western Mediterranean The Third Punic War In 146 BC, Carthage was destroyed Romans burned the city and sold the inhabitants into slavery Rome also conquered Macedonia, Greece, and Pergamum Rome became the master of the Mediterranean world From Republic To Empire Main idea: Rome began to shift from a republic to an empire. Armies became more loyal to generals than to Rome and started fighting each other (CIVIL WAR). The First Triumvirate Triumvirate: government by three people with equal power. Crassus: richest man in Rome Pompey: military hero in Spain Julius Caesar: military hero in France The First Triumvirate Crassus killed in battle The Senate voted to give power to Pompey, and ordered Caesar to resign. Caesar refused. The First Triumvirate Caesar’s army marched on Rome and started a war against Pompey. Caesar defeated Pompey. Julius Caesar’s Reforms Caesar was made temporary dictator. Increased senate from 300 to 900 people, filled it with his supporters. Senators feared he was going to remain dictator, so they killed him in 44 BC. The Second Triumvirate Three men struggled to take power after Caesar’s death: Octavian (Caesar’s grand-nephew) Antony (Caesar’s ally and assistant) Lepidus (commander of Caesar’s cavalry) The Second Triumvirate Octavian took control of the west. Antony took control of the east. Allied with Cleopatra Octavian defeated Antony & Cleopatra’s forces at the Battle of Actium. The Age of Augustus Octavian claimed he was going to “restore the Republic” He gave some power to the Senate However, he became the first Roman emperor In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the title of Augustus Augustus and the army The Senate gave Octavian the title imperator, which means “commander in chief.” He maintained a standing army of about 150,000 legionnaires. Also had about 9,000 men who were in charge of protecting him. Augustus Augustus conquered a lot of new areas. Failed to conquer present-day Germany. Augustus died in 14 A.D., the period from 14 A.D. until 180 A.D. is known as The Early Empire Roman Empire Emperors and the Early Empire The first four emperors after Augustus were all related to him. They were: 1. 2. 3. 4. Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Emperors in the Early Empire Nero had people killed to get them out of his way (even his own mother). The Senate couldn’t stop him because he was in charge of the military. Nero committed suicide, leading to a civil war. Emperors in the Early Empire The major problem during this time in the Roman Empire was that there was no system for selecting a new emperor. Anyone who could control the military to support them could become emperor The Five Good Emperors 1. Nerva 2. Trajan 3. Hadrian 4. Antoninus Pius 5. Marcus Aurelias These emperors concluded an era known as the “Pax Romana” (27AD-180 A.D.) called “Good” because they were tolerant. The Five Good Emperors All did a good job of choosing their successors, which reduced conflict Created new social programs for Rome: Trajan: gave money to help poor people raise children Hadrian: built public works projects. Classwork Assignment Define the following terms: Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar, triumvirate, Rubicon River, dictator, Octavian, Antony, Augustus, imperator, Nero, Pax Romana 1 point each (12 points total) USE YOUR BOOK!! Rome The Empire Expands By the end of 2nd Century, the Empire was overextended. Size: 3.5 million square miles Population: about 50 million. Languages in the Empire Latin: Western Empire Greek: Eastern Empire Combination of these cultures is called: “Greco-Roman” civilization Economy and Society Trade extended to China Grain was imported from Egypt to feed Romans. Rome was the first consumption-oriented society in the Western hemisphere. Economy and Society Farming was the most popular occupation Farming was mostly done on large estates, called latifundia, These estates raised sheep and cattle Slavery Romans depended on slave labor more than any other ancient civilization. Romans enslaved lots of Greeks when they took over Hellenistic civilizations Teachers, musicians, doctors, and artists. Slave Revolts Slaves lived in horrible conditions. Spartacus: leader of the most famous slave revolt (73 BC). He led 70,000 slaves out of captivity and defeated several Roman armies. Art and Architecture Romans copied Greek ideas for art and architecture Romans excelled in architecture: The arch, vault and dome were added to the Greek tradition of rectangular buildings Arch Vault Family Life and Women’s Roles Upper-class children were expected to learn to read. The father was in charge of the education of his children. For boys, childhood ended at 16. Family Life and Women’s Roles Female patricians often went to school, but not as long as males. Females usually got married at the time males went to secondary school. Women’s Roles Had to have a male guardian. Fathers often arranged marriages. Females could marry at 12, but most did at 14. Males could marry at 14, but most waited until later. Women’s roles Roman marriages were meant to be for life However, divorce was introduced in the third century B.C. Either the husband or the wife could ask for a divorce. Changes in women’s roles By the 100s A.D. women were no longer required to have guardians Men no longer had absolute authority over their wives. Changes in Women’s Roles Women had lots of freedom in Early Roman Empire They could own, inherit, and sell property. They could go into public unsupervised. They could not participate in politics. Living Conditions in Rome Rome: biggest city in the empire. It was full of beautiful buildings, but was overcrowded and dirty Poor people lived in poorly built apartment buildings called insulae. Living Conditions The government put on entertainment for the public Chariot races were held at the Circus Maximus. Gladiator shows were the most popular entertainment shows Decline and Fall After Marcus Aurelius died, there was a period of conflict and confusion. After a series of civil wars, a military government arose. There were 22 emperors between 235 and 284. Decline and Fall Invasions, plague, and civil wars crippled Roman economy Farm production decreased By the mid 200s, the Roman government was hiring Germans to fight for them. Reforms Diocletian and Constantine: two emperors who tried to reform Rome. Diocletian: New government structure, new economic systems, and new religion. Divided the empire into 4 sections. Constantine Constantine continued and expanded Diocletian’s reforms. He built a new capital called Byzantium, (Istanbul, Turkey now) The new capital was called the “New Rome.” The Fall Germanic tribes attacked Western Roman Empire. Huns attacked Visigoths in Eastern Europe Vandals attacked southern Spain and Africa. The Fall 476: Romulus Augustus was replaced by a Germanic military leader, ending the Western Roman Empire The Eastern Roman Empire (also known as Byzantine Empire) continued on. Theories about why Rome fell Christianity’s emphasis on a spiritual kingdom weakened military virtues. Lead poisoning from pipes and cups caused a mental decline Didn’t advance technologically due to slavery Political system was not good enough. Review Game 1. What is the name for a professional soldier in Rome? Answer Legionnaire Question 2. What was the title given to Octavian by the Senate? Answer Augustus (or emperator) Question 3. What is the period from 14AD to 180AD called? Answer Early Empire Question What was the name for the less wealthy social class in Rome? Answer Plebeians Question What early civilization was most influential in the development of Roman civilization? Answer Etruscans Question Where were the Etruscans from? Answers Etruria Question What was the name for the wealthy upper-class in Rome? Answer Patricians Question Where is Etruria in relation to Rome and the Italian peninsula? Answer To the North Question What language was spoken in the western portion of the Roman empire? Answer Latin Question What language was spoken in the eastern portion of the Roman empire? Answer Greek Question Who were the two people from the first triumvirate who fought each other in a civil war? Answer Julius Caesar and Pompey Question Who won? Answer Caesar Question Who were the two people from the second triumvirate who fought each other in a civil war? Answer Octavian and Antony Question Who won? Answer Octavian Question Who was the “richest man in Rome”? (in the 1st triumvirate)? Answer Crassus Question Name the members of the first triumvirate. Answer Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus Question Name the members of the second triumvirate Answer Octavian, Antony, Lepidus Question What was the title for the chief executive officer of the Roman government who led troops into battle? (hint: there were 2 appointed each year) Answer Consul Question Name one of Cleopatra’s babies-daddies. Answer Caesar, Antony Question What reform did Caesar make to the Senate? Answer Increased the number of members from 300 to 900. Question What was the problem with the passing of power in Rome? Answer There was no set system for passing the power from one emperor to another. Question What did the “five good emperors” do to fix this problem? Answer They hand-picked their successors. Question What did the 4 emperors after Octavian all have in common? Answer They were all related to Octavian. Question Who fought at the Battle of Actium? Answer Antony/Cleopatra’s forces vs. Octavian Question The word for the executive in the Roman government who was in charge of the civil laws. Answer Praetor Question Who won the Battle of Actium? Answer Octavian Question What is the term for the combination of Roman and Greek civilization/culture? Answer Greco-Roman Question What were the three groups that were most influential in settling the Italian peninsula? Answer Greeks, Latins, and Etruscans Question What was the chief occupation in the Roman empire? Answer Farming Question Name the three seas that border the Italian Peninsula (DON’T SAY MEDITERRANEAN!) Answer Adriatic, Tyrrhenian, Ionian Question What is the name of the mountain range that divides the Italian peninsula into eastern and western sections? Answer Apennine Question What is the name of the river Rome is located on? Answer Tiber Question Who was the first emperor of Rome? Answer Octavian Question Which emperor was assassinated by his fellow senators in 44BC? Answer Julius Caesar Question What was the first publicly displayed set of laws in Rome? Answer 12 Tables