Download THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Name:______________________________________Period:_______Date:_________
I. Evolution- A brief overview
¾ EVOLUTION IS:
1. __________________________________________
2. Descent with modifications
3. Plants and animals of today are ________________forms of plants and animals of
the past
4. Organisms vary and new forms appear, while old forms decline or become extinct
** Evolution is theologically neutral- it interprets a natural process
- it describes ________ -- not why
- it is based on recognition of order – not purpose
¾ EVOLUTION is NOT:
1. Man came from monkey
¾ EVIDENCE FOR
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EVOLUTION
Genetic Comparison
Fossils
Anatomical studies
Functionless structures
Embryological development
II. 2 Theories of Evolution:
1.
____________________
•
Observed a relationship between the organism and its environment
•
Recognized change in living things over long periods of time
•
But he was INCORRECT in concluding that the environment acted directly on
organisms to produce hereditary change in relation to need, use or disuse, or
passing on of______________________________.
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2. Charles Darwin:
A. Voyage
•
In 1831 was recommended as a naturalist
on__________________________, a ship chartered for
a five-year collecting and mapping expedition to South
America and the South Pacific.
•
Job: collect, study, and store specimens
•
Developed a hypothesis based on observations, specifically in
___________________________________
o Studied and compared the anatomy of many species of reptiles,
insects, birds, and flowering plants
o Noticed that these species were unique to the islands, yet similar to
species seen in other parts of the world
• Darwin’s Finches:
o Darwin‘s observations - all the finches on the Galapagos island
looked about the same except for the ___________of their beak.
o Conclusion - all the finches were descendents of the
_________________ original population.
o The shape of the beaks were _________________________ for
eating a particular type of food (Ex. long beaks were used for
eating insects, short for seeds)
•
________________________= change in the gene pool of a population in
response to various stimuli exhibited by a species OVER TIME.
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B. What is Darwin’s Explanation for Evolution?
•
________________________= a mechanism for change in populations
that occurs when organisms with favorable variations for a particular
environment survive, reproduce, and pass these variations on to the
next generations.
•
Wrote “__________________________”
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Ex: Darwin’s Idea of NATURAL SELECTION:
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III. Natural Selection:
•
___________________________= any trait that aids the chances of survival
and reproduction of an organism.
•
Two types: ___________________and _____________________
o STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS arise over____________________:
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________________= provides protection for an organism by
enabling it to copy the appearance of another species.
Coral snake-venom
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Scarlet king snake- non-venomous
_______________________= enables an organism to blend in
with its surroundings
• more likely to escape predators and survive to reproduce
Example of Natural Selection:
• Lighter colored pepper moths less noticeable on lichen covered trees
• Pollution kills lichens and uncovers darker tree trunks
o PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS can ______________________
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Changes in an organism _____________________________
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Ex: Penicillin- was considered 50 years ago as a wonder drug
b/c it could kill many types of disease-causing bacteria
•
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Now penicillin is not as effective as it used to be because
many species of bacteria have evolved physiological
adaptations that make them resistant to penicillin
Ex: insects/ weeds have been selected for physiological
resistance to chemicals used in pesticides.
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VI. Evidence for Evolution:
1. ______________________________________________:
• nucleotide sequencing studies are used to indicate levels of relationships
among species within major taxonomic groups
2. ____________________________:
• fossil records show how organisms have changed over time (millions of
years)
3. ________________________________________:
•
•
___________________________________= Similarities in structure
and arrangement—likeness indicates a genetic relationship through a
common ancestor.
Ex: Homology among the bones of the forelimb. : Although these
structures show considerable differences in form and function, the same
basic bones are present in the forelimbs of humans, cats, bats, porpoises,
and horses.
4. ________________________________________:
•
•
___________________________= any body structure that is reduced in
function in a living organism but may have been used in an ancestor.
Examples:
• pelvis in snakes
• external ears and pelvis in whales
• Humans: appendix, ear muscles, nictitating membrane, wisdom teeth.
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5. ________________________________________: Development of the
phylum- in the embryonic stage it is difficult to distinguish fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals.
VII. Microevolution
•
_______________________________________= evolutionary change below the
level of species, and refers to changes in the frequency within a population or a species
of its alleles (alternative genes) and their effects on the form, or phenotype, of
organisms that make up that population or species.
1) Relatively short period of time
2) _______________________________ = members of single species living &
reproducing in a specific area
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VIII. Causes Of Microevolution:
•
_____________________________= change in allele frequencies in a gene pool due
to chance.
ƒ Increase/decrease based on which members survive & reproduce.
ƒ Greater impact in ______________________population
ƒ Types: bottleneck effect, founder effect
1) ______________________________= process
in which a large population declines in number, then
rebounds.
ƒ Catastrophic event leaves few survivors, limiting
the gene pool for the next generation.
ƒ Caused by natural disaster, habitat loss,
overharvesting
2) _____________________________= random
effect that can occur when a small population
settles in an area separated from the rest of the
population and interbreeds, producing unique allelic
variations.
ƒ Rare alleles occur at a higher frequency in isolated populations.
ƒ Initial “founders” of the population received their alleles by chance.
ƒ Due to small population, rare gene continually passed on.
IX. Macroevolution
•
•
•
________________________________________= any evolutionary change at or
above the level of species.
Requires ___________________________= splitting of 1 species into 2 or more
ƒ _______________ = do not have to look the same but can successfully
interbreed
Prevents _____________________________from entering a population’s gene
pool through geographic, ecological, behavioral, or other differences
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X. Causes of Macroevolution:
1) ______________________________________
ƒ Species separated by major physical boundaries
ƒ Ex: Oceans, rivers, mountains
2) _____________________________________
ƒ Live in close proximity, but rarely interact due
to different habitats
ƒ Ex: Jungle – canopy dwellers vs. those living on
forest floor.
3) ________________________________________
ƒ Live together but reproduce at different times of the
year.
4) ________________________________________
ƒ Courtship patterns are used to recognize mates.
ƒ Chemical, vocal or physical indicators
ƒ Ex: meadowlarks- have overlapping ranges & similar in appearance, but
their songs separate them behaviorally
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5) ________________________________________
ƒ Floral structures or animal genitalia are incompatible making reproduction
impossible.
6) __________________________________________
ƒ Gametes from incompatible species will not fuse together to
form a zygote.
ƒ Fertilization has occurred but a hybrid offspring cannot
develop or reproduce.
- Ex: Liger
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THEORY OF EVOLUTION WORKSHEET
Name: ______________________________________Period:_______Date:______________
Answer the following questions using your notes.
1. Define evolution in your own words.
2. State one misconception about evolution.
3. List 5 evidences of evolution.
A. _______________________________________
B. _______________________________________
C. ________________________________________
D. ________________________________________
E. ________________________________________
4. Explain the misconception in Lamark’s theory of evolution.
5. Where did Darwin complete his research and what principle does he use to back up his
theory?
6. Define natural selection.
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7. "Survival of the fittest" is a common expression. What do you think most people mean by
this expression? How would you explain this expression to help someone understand how
natural selection actually functions?
8. List the two types of adaptations and give an example of each.
9. ______________________________= any trait that aids the chances of survival and
reproduction of an organism.
10. What is the difference between a vestigial structure and homologous structure?
11. Look at the diagram below. Describe what is happening to the mice in figures 1-3 and give a
possible explanation.
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12. Explain the difference between macroevolution and microevolution.
13. Which type of evolution requires speciation? _____________________________________
14. Which type of evolution would most likely occur over a shorter period of time?
_______________________________________
15. ___________________________________ is a change in allele frequencies in a gene pool
due to chance.
16. What are two examples of genetic drift?
a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
17. Which type of genetic drift is caused by catastrophic events like a natural disaster, habitat
loss or overharvesting?
________________________________________
18. __________________________________________ is the process in which a large
population declines in number, then rebounds.
19. ___________________________________________is the random effect that can occur
when a small population settles in an area separated from the rest of the population and
interbreeds, producing unique allelic variations.
20. List and describe 3 causes of macroevolution.
.
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Unit Learning Map (5 days):
Evolution
Mrs.Sim
Class:Biology B: Explain the mechanism of the theory of evolution. Analyze data from fossil
records, similarities in anatomy and physiology, embryological studies and DNA studies that are
relevant to the theory of evolution.
Unit Essential Question(s):
Optional
Instructional Tools:
How does natural
selection drive changes
in the ecosystem?
Concept
Concept
Natural selection
Macroevolution vs.
Microevolution
Lesson Essential Questions:
Lesson Essential Questions:
How can the
environment impact
natural selection?
Explain the
differences
between
macroevolution and
microevolution.
Vocabulary:
Natural selection
Lamark
Acquired traits
Darwin
Evolution
Adaptations
Structural adaptations
Physical adaptations
Homologous structures
Vestigial structures
Vocabulary:
Microevolution
Genetic drift
Founder effect
Bottleneck effect
Macroevolution
Speciation
Geographic Isolation
Habitat Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Gamete Isolation
Goldfish lab
Darwin’s Pond
Antibiotic Resistance Flyer
Concept
Lesson Essential Questions:
Vocabulary:
Concept
Lesson Essential Questions:
Vocabulary:
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Evolution Vocabulary:
1) Natural Selection = a mechanism for change in populations that occurs when organisms with
favorable variations for a particular environment survive, reproduce, and pass these variations on to
the next generations
2) Lamark (1801) =
• Observed a relationship between the organism and its environment
• Recognized change in living things over long periods of time
• But he was INCORRECT in concluding that the environment acted directly on organisms to
produce hereditary change in relation to need, use or disuse, or passing on of acquired traits
3) Acquired traits = the environment acted directly on organisms to produce hereditary change in
relation to need, use or disuse, or passing on of traits.
4) Charles Darwin = credited for the accepted theory of evolution (natural selection)
• In 1831 was recommended as a naturalist on HMS Beagle, a ship chartered for
a five year collecting and mapping expedition to South America and the South
Pacific. Developed a hypothesis based on observations, specifically in The
Galapagos Islands
5) Evolution = change in the gene pool of a population in response to various stimuli
exhibited by a species OVER TIME
6) Natural Selection = (Darwin’s explanation of evolution) a mechanism for change in
populations that occurs when organisms with favorable variations for a particular
environment survive, reproduce, and pass these variations on to the next generations.
7) Adaptation = any trait that aids the chances of survival and reproduction of an organism
8) Structural adaptations = may arise over many generations (mimicry and camouflage)
9) Physical adaptations = may develop quickly (antibiotic resistance)
10) Homologous Structures = Similarities in structure and arrangement—likeness indicates a genetic
relationship through a common ancestor
11) Vestigial structure = any body structure that is reduced in function in a living organism but may have
been used in an ancestor
12) Microevolution = evolutionary change below the level of species, and refers to changes in the
frequency within a population or a species of its alleles (alternative genes) and their effects on the
form, or phenotype, of organisms that make up that population or species.
13) Genetic Drift = change in allele frequencies in a gene pool due to chance.
14) Bottleneck Effect = process in which a large population declines in number, then rebounds.
15) Founder Effect = random effect that can occur when a small population settles in an area separated
from the rest of the population and interbreeds, producing unique allelic variations.
16) Macroevolution = any evolutionary change at or above the level of species.
17) Speciation = splitting of 1 species into 2 or more
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18) Geographic Isolation = species separated by major physical boundaries
19) Habitat Isolation = live in close proximity, but rarely interact due to different habitats
20) Temporal Isolation = live together but reproduce at different times of the year.
21) Behavioral Isolation = courtship patterns are used to recognize mates.
22) Mechanical Isolation = floral structures or animal genitalia are incompatible making reproduction
impossible.
23) Gamete Isolation = gametes from incompatible species will not fuse together to form a zygote and/or
a hybrid offspring cannot develop or reproduce
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