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AN ILLUSTRATED
GUIDE TO A
HOW TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE
CAN DELIVER BETTER LIVING STANDARDS
AND SHARED PROSPERITY
ABOUT IPPR
INTRODUCTION
IPPR, the Institute for Public Policy Research,
is the UK’s leading progressive thinktank.
It has been known for years that climate change is happening and is man-made.
The latest scientific evidence reiterates these facts, and there is growing concern
that the world is heading for a catastrophic temperature rise of 4°C.
We are an independent charitable organisation
with more than 40 staff members, paid interns
and visiting fellows. Our main office is in London,
with IPPR North, IPPR’s dedicated thinktank for
the North of England, operating out of offices in
Newcastle and Manchester.
The purpose of our work is to conduct and
publish the results of research into and
promote public education in the economic,
social and political sciences, and in science
and technology, including the effect of
moral, social, political and scientific factors
on public policy and on the living standards
of all sections of the community.
Registered charity no. 800065
Sceptics claim that there is little point in Britain acting alone to tackle climate
change while other countries – notably the US and China – continue to burn
fossil fuels. While this may be a compelling argument, both President Obama
and President Xi are now taking climate change seriously.
Since 2010 the scientific and economic case for urgent action on climate change
has been strengthened, but this report shows that it can help address three of the
greatest challenges facing our country.
•
•
•
CONTACT US
IPPR
4th Floor, 14 Buckingham Street
London, WC2N 6DF
IPPR North
3rd Floor, 20 Collingwood Street
Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 1JF
T: +44 (0)20 7470 6100
E: [email protected]
Level 5, Manchester Town Hall Extension,
Lloyd Street, Manchester, M60 2LA
www.ippr.org
T: +44 (0)191 233 9050
E: [email protected]
Twitter: twitter.com/IPPR
YouTube: youtube.com/IPPRweb
www.ippr.org/north
Twitter: twitter.com/IPPRNorth
YouTube: youtube.com/IPPRweb
The consumer challenge: energy and transport costs have spiralled
and trust in markets has declined, while living standards have stagnated.
The capacity challenge: there has been a lack of investment in muchneeded new infrastructure, and not enough emphasis has been placed
on managing existing usage of energy and transport.
The regional challenge: while there has been economic recovery at the
national level, there has been varied performance in terms of decent jobs
and growth in our regions.
Getting our domestic policy on climate change right is vital if we are to meet the
international challenge. The European Union is losing its leadership position on
climate change, and needs fresh impetus.
This report sets out further detail on each of these challenges and offers 17 ideas
for how they can be addressed. These ideas centre on the need for:
• an Obama-style audit of the risks that climate change poses to our security
and way of life here in the UK
• a shift in focus away from large-scale generation and towards energy efficiency,
‘smart’ demand-management tools, and smaller generation technologies so
that we can realise their potential to cut bills, reduce carbon and create jobs
• new sources of finance for low carbon infrastructure, particularly from
communities and individuals
• greater certainty for all our low carbon sectors so that businesses have a solid
framework in which to grow and create decent jobs in every region.
This short, graphic report should be read in conjunction with IPPR’s new fulllength report, A brighter future: How tackling climate change can deliver better
living standards and shared prosperity, available at ippr.org.
1
THE CLIMATE CHALLENGE
Climate change is happening and is man-made. Global greenhouse gas
pollution grew nearly twice as quickly in the past decade as it did in the
previous 30 years.
The effects of climate change are becoming both more apparent
and more devastating – as the floods in the UK in winter 2013/14
demonstrated, its consequences will affect us all.
“All the evidence suggests there is a link to climate change.”
Dame Julia Slingo, Met Office chief scientist, February 2014
Levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have risen
dramatically since the industrial revolution.
2,000
1,800
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
350
1,600
Nitrous oxide (N20)
1,400
Methane (CH4)
1,200
300
1,000
CH4 (ppb)
800
250
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
The Somerset levels, February 2014
600
The world must do more if it is to avoid the worst climate change
risks and prevent global temperatures from rising by more than 2°C
– current policies are not enough.
Source: IPCC
Data from a range of sources shows that global warming is
taking place – land and ocean temperatures are rising.
Current pledges (upper & lower projections)
Goddard Institute for
Space Studies (GISS)
National Climatic Data
Center (NCDC)
Climatic Research
Unit (CRU)
Remote Sensing
Systems (RSS)
University of Alabama
at Huntsville (UAH)
Temperature anomaly (˚C)
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
1980
1990
Source: ‘Global temperature evolution 1979–2010’, G Foster and S Rahmstorf (2012)
2
2000
2010
Global GHG emissions in GtCO2eq.
CO2 (ppm), N2O (ppb)
400
100
80
International pledges
Illustrative pathway likely to
hold warming below 2°C
Historic emissions
60
40
20
0
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Source: climateactiontracker.org
3
5
SEVEN THINGS THAT HAVE
CHANGED SINCE 2010
For example, the cost of solar
photovoltaic (PV) energy fell by
between 2010 and 2013.
Since the last general election, several factors affecting decision-making
on the climate challenge have changed.
1 Over 800 weather-related disasters worldwide in 2012 caused a record
$130 billion of losses.
15%
$0
Q3
2009
Q1
Q3
2010
Q1
Q3
2011
Source: DECC
Q1
Q3
2012
Q1
Q3
2013
70%
60%
6 The US and China have finally
50%
40%
30%
20%
“
CLIMATE CHANGE IS NO
LONGER A DISTANT THREAT,
BUT HAS MOVED FIRMLY
INTO THE PRESENT
10%
0%
Concerned
Not
concerned
March 2014
March 2013
June 2012
2014
$20
2013
20%
2012
$40
80%
”
2011
25%
PUBLIC CONCERN ABOUT
CLIMATE CHANGE IS RISING
PRESIDENT OBAMA, JUNE 2014
2010
$60
2009
$80
30%
2008
35%
2007
$100
2006
40%
2005
$120
2004
$140
45%
2003
$160
50%
2002
55%
10%
Q1
4
‘new normal’, above $100 per barrel
7
54%
begun to take climate change
and green technology seriously.
3 The price of crude oil has settled at a
2001
The UK’s reliance on fossil
fuel imports has increased
dramatically.
2000
2
The costs of renewable technologies
are coming down rapidly.
Source: DECC
Source: US Energy Information Administration
“LEAVE IT IN THE GROUND”
20%
(565 GtCO2 )
80%
Only 20% of the
6˚C
fossil fuel reserves
owned by the top
100 listed coal and
4˚C
top 100 listed oil and
gas companies can
be burned unabated if 2˚C
we are to keep global
warming within
2°C by 2050.
Catastrophic
climate change
Intolerable risks
(where we’re
heading)
Agreed global
limit
Photo: Christopher Dilts for Obama
for America
Photo: Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo
“
IT IS NOT AT OTHERS’ DEMAND
BUT OUR OWN WILL. WE HAVE
ALREADY TAKEN MANY MEASURES
AND WILL DO MORE IN THE FUTURE
PRESIDENT XI JINPING, FEBRUARY 2014
”
OUR IDEAS
The next government should undertake an Obama-style audit
of the risks that climate change poses to the UK’s security
and way of life, including to businesses, infrastructure, homes,
livelihoods, health and heritage.
Source: carbontracker.org
(2,795 GtCO2 )
4
5
THE CONSUMER CHALLENGE
The government’s ‘Green Deal’ energy efficiency
scheme is not working.
The government can raise living standards, tackle fuel poverty and reduce
emissions by reforming energy and transport markets and increasing
energy efficiency.
The average dual-fuel
bill has shot up in
recent years.
Trust in both energy and transport
companies is low:
32%
‘JUST
OF BRITONS TRUST
ENERGY COMPANIES’
The year 1 projection was 130,000, but only 3,234 households were
in the process of taking out a loan or had done so by June 2014.
Source: DECC
The government’s key fuel poverty measure, the Energy Company
Obligation (ECO), is not helping fuel-poor homes.
Only 47% of fuel-poor households are covered by ECO...
AND
% budget going
to fuel-poor
households
45%
‘ONLY
OF RAIL PASSENGERS
ARE SATISFIED THAT THE PRICE OF
THEIR TICKETS GIVES THEM VALUE
FOR MONEY’
£875 £1,346
Source: Edelman, Passenger Focus
% budget going
to non-fuel-poor
households
80%
...and only 20%
of the total budget for
ECO is going
to fuel-poor households.
The Green Deal currently makes no difference to people’s bills –
it’s no surprise that so few people have signed up.
IPPR recommends a ‘Help to Heat’ scheme which would ensure that
energy-saving measures deliver immediate individual bill savings.
2006 2014/15
Source: Ofgem
Gas and electricity switching rates have been declining for years,
which indicates that competition in the energy market is failing.
700,000
600,000
Electricity transfers
500,000
Gas transfers
£1,400
£1,200
£1,000
£800
400,000
£600
300,000
£400
200,000
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
£0
2009
0
2008
£200
2007
100,000
Source: Department for Transport
6
20%
£1,400
£1,400
£1,264
Total bill
before Green Deal
Total bill
after Green Deal
Total bill with a
0% Green Deal loan
For more details, see IPPR’s 2013 report Help to heat: A solution to the affordability crisis in energy
Electricity Transfers
Gas Transfers
7
Living standards have also been affected by rising transport costs,
and there are concerns about the performance of some markets.
BUS AND RAIL COSTS ARE RISING
Fare increases in real terms, 2007–13 (2007=100)
115
110
105
Rail fares
100
Bus & coach fares
95
90
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Source: Department for Transport
The liberalisation of bus services outside London has failed, while Transport
for London has increased bus use and gotten people out of their cars.
BUS PASSENGER JOURNEYS (1,000s, 1985/86–2013/14)
5,000
London
4,000
OUR IDEAS
A radical overhaul of the government’s energy efficiency
programme is vital to bringing down bills. A dramatic raising
of its ambitions should be centred on a ‘Help to Heat’
scheme, with responsibility for better-targeted delivery
devolved to local areas to help reduce consumers’ bills.
120
2007
THE SOLUTIONS
Great Britain outside London
The Competition and Markets Authority’s inquiry into
the energy markets should investigate Ofgem’s ability to
regulate a more diverse market facing rapid innovation.
Cities and regions should be given powers similar to
those of Transport for London, in order to deliver better
value for money and encourage more people to switch
from cars to public transport.
These new regional transport bodies should be encouraged
to find efficiencies in existing transport budgets which can
be passed onto consumers through lower prices and cleaner,
better services.
3,000
2,000
1,000
19
85
/8
19 6
87
/8
19 8
89
/9
19 0
91
/9
19 2
93
/9
19 4
95
/9
19 6
97
/9
19 8
99
/0
20 0
01
/0
20 2
03
/0
20 4
04
/0
20 5
06
/0
20 7
08
/0
20 9
10
/1
20 1
12
/1
3
0
Source: Department for Transport. Dashed blue line denotes change in estimation technology outside London; two sets of data are shown for 2004/05.
8
9
THE CAPACITY CHALLENGE
Europe’s utility companies
– the main source of investment –
have lost half their share value
in recent years.
The government can address capacity constraints in energy and transport
by creating smarter and more decentralised systems and encouraging new
sources of investment.
Over 71% for rail, clean
electricity generation
(excluding gas), and other
low-carbon projects
The Treasury’s national
infrastructure pipeline
is primarily for
low-carbon projects
“[Changes in energy markets
are] causing the rationale of
the prevailing utility business
model to come under severe
pressure and potentially,
ultimately, crumble.
Citibank
2008
”
16% for carbon-neutral
infrastructure
13% for high-carbon
infrastructure, including
gas, roads and airports.
But there is a
‘green finance gap’
Source: Green Alliance
Only
£8–10 billion
out of the
£20 billion
needed annually is
being delivered.
2013
UK
UK vs Germany on
generation ownership
In 2012, 86% of all UK electricitygenerating capacity was owned by just
10 companies, including several foreign
government-owned utility firms. Indeed,
these foreign state-backed companies
own 50% of our offshore wind capacity
and 68% of our nuclear capacity.
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Local authorities, communities
and individuals are wellplaced to take a stake in the
UK’s generation system and
ensure that the benefits from
subsidies flow to them.
Offshore wind
Private sector
By contrast, nearly half of renewable
capacity in Germany is owned by private
individuals and municipal companies.
Energy companies own just 12%.
Nuclear
Foreign government-owned
Most of our offshore wind and nuclear
power is owned by foreign governments.
Source: SERIS
Energy
companies:
12%
Germany
Individuals
& communities:
47%
Total
installed
capacity, 2012:
73GW
Institutional &
strategic investors:
41%
Source: energytransition.de
Source: House of Commons environmental audit committee
10
11
As well as failing to upgrade our infrastructure, we are not managing
existing demand as well as we should.
The Department for Transport has consistently overestimated the demand for new roads.
Index of car traffic (2003=100)
200%
1989 GB forecast
(high)
175%
1997 GB forecast
(high)
150%
2009 England
forecast
125%
GB actual
50%
25%
40
20
30
20
20
20
10
20
00
20
90
19
80
19
19
70
0%
Source: Department for Transport
We could do much more to manage electricity
use by improving the efficiency of appliances,
as the rest of Europe has done.
Between 2005 and 2010
there was no improvement
in the average efficiency of
appliances bought in the
UK, comparing very poorly
against the EU-wide
improvement of 7%.
UK
Total 23 EU
countries
0%
Belgium
In order to avoid unnecessary expenditure, a value-formoney review of all planned infrastructure should take
place to ensure that it is necessary and that alternative
means of providing capacity cannot be found.
Subsidy allocations should be reformed so that smallerscale generation technologies such as onshore wind and
solar can compete with larger technologies on a level
playing field.
Market incentives to capture the full potential from
reducing demand and better managing demand in both
energy and transport should be boosted through new
energy efficiency technologies, ‘smart’ home energy
management technologies and smart-tickets.
7%
Holland
Source: Global Action Plan
OUR IDEAS
As traditional sources of finance dry up, reforms such
as Green ISAs and new responsible investment rules are
needed to make it easier for local authorities, communities
and individuals to invest in low-carbon generation and
help keep the lights on.
100%
75%
THE SOLUTIONS
4%
3%
Poland
Germany
8%
9%
France
Austria
2%
12%
Italy
11%
Spain
18%
12
13
THE REGIONAL CHALLENGE
The government can help create well-paid and decent jobs in every region
by developing a low-carbon industrial strategy and providing the conditions
for investment in low-carbon infrastructure.
There is a huge regional imbalance
in jobs growth between London and
the rest of the UK.
GDP versus jobs growth (2007=100)
120
National GDP
115
As the map opposite illustrates,
good jobs are available all
around the country from
low-carbon projects.
45
Yet
onshore wind farms
have been delayed &
12 blocked in the past
Jobs in London
Jobs outside London
12 months alone
110
Source: RUK
105
100
95
2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
The government’s
industrial strategies
are not backing every
low-carbon sector.
Source: IPPR calculations using ONS statistics
Electricity generation capacity from
low-carbon sources, by region
>5,000MW
(operational and planned capacity, MW, 2014)
2,000–3,499MW
3,500–4,999MW
1,000–1,999MW
0–999MW
North East
Scotland
Onshore wind: 494
Offshore wind: 166
Solar PV: 64
Nuclear: 1,310
Total: 2,034
Onshore wind: 9,033
Offshore wind: 2,140
Solar PV: 112
Nuclear: 2,652
Total: 13,937
Yorkshire
Onshore wind: 574
Offshore wind: 429
Solar PV: 164
Nuclear: 0
Total: 1,167
Northern Ireland
Onshore wind: 1,223
Offshore wind: 0
Solar PV: N/A
Nuclear: 0
Total: 1,223
East Midlands
Onshore wind: 576
Offshore wind: 464
Solar PV: 199
Nuclear: 0
Total: 1,239
North West
Onshore wind: 462
Offshore wind: 1,086
Solar PV: 142
Nuclear: 2,610
Total: 4,300
East of England
Onshore wind: 452
Offshore wind: 2,342
Solar PV: 207
Nuclear: 1,250
Total: 4,251
West Midlands
The Committee on Climate Change
has criticised the government’s
current approach:
“[DECC’s central] scenario with
high nuclear deployment, but low
investment in carbon capture
and storage and offshore wind
during the 2020s… would imply
unacceptable costs and risks of
achieving the 2050 target and/or
of very high electricity prices.”
14
ar
Nucle
otive vehicles)
Aulutdoingmlow-emission
(inc
d
re win
Offsho
d
re win
Onsho
Solar
ure
n capt
o
b
r
a
C
age
& stor
Onshore wind: 18
Offshore wind: 0
Solar PV: 144
Nuclear: 0
Total: 162
London
Onshore wind: 11
Offshore wind: 0
Solar PV: 46
Nuclear: 0
Total: 57
Wales
Onshore wind: 1,197
Offshore wind: 726
Solar PV: 121
Nuclear: 540
Total: 2,584
South West
Onshore wind: 329
Offshore wind: 0
Solar PV: 427
Nuclear: 4,510*
Total: 5,266
South East
Onshore wind: 111
Offshore wind: 1,140
Solar PV: 296
Nuclear: 1,230
Total: 2,777
Note: figures for ‘Solar PV’
include operational capacity
only, not projects approved
or under construction.
*Includes planned
Hinkley Point C station.
Source: IPPR analysis based
on data from RenewableUK
Supply chain jobs installing energy efficiency measures are available
in every region, as well as in the renewable and low-carbon energy
sectors, which are growing in many regions.
15
THE SOLUTIONS
The Green Investment Bank has
directly committed...
OUR IDEAS
£1.3bn
...and mobilised...
The low-carbon economy provides jobs in every region
of the UK. Industrial strategies should therefore be put in
place for every low-carbon sector, with a greater focus on
developing appropriate skills in every region.
But this is a drop in
the ocean compared to the
£200bn
£4.8bn
of investment in green projects needed by 2020,
which would bring jobs to all regions of the UK.
We need to sell more electric cars in Britain if we
want a bigger share of the growing global market
and the jobs that will come with it – especially for
the Midlands and North East.
Electric vehicles sold per 1,000 vehicles
25
22.75
Britain currently sells just
0.84 plug-in electric
vehicles per 1,000 vehicles
– significantly behind
many countries including
Norway, the global leader.
20
15
The Green Investment Bank should be given borrowing
powers with immediate effect so that it can support our
low-carbon sectors and create jobs in every region of
the country.
In order to provide certainty for the clean technology supply
chain, the government should adopt the Committee on Climate
Change’s proposal of a 2030 decarbonisation target for the
power sector.
Source: ACEA
10
9.05
5
1.05
0.84
0
16
Jobs installing energy efficiency measures, which are needed
in every region to improve our building stock, should be
created for those facing long-term unemployment through
job guarantees.
UK
Norway
Portugal
France
17
Landmark UN climate summit begins in Paris
to try to agree a new global climate deal
Global carbon dioxide
emissions, 2010
Rest of the
world: 34%
08
In China, more and more regions are regulating to reduce levels
of coal consumption, which is expected to peak by 2020.
China: 25%
greatest market failure the
world has ever seen…
it demands an international
response, based on a shared
understanding of long-term
goals and agreement on
frameworks for action.”
EU:
11%
Provinces with absolute coal
consumption reduction targets
Provinces with negative
growth targets
Provinces with coal consumption
growth slowdown targets
Provinces announced intentions
to impose coal control measures
Stern Review
Provinces without action
All targets are within the
timeframe of 2013–2017
Japan: 3%
India: 6%
Source: Financial Times; data from EIA
“Climate change is the
US: 16%
Russia: 5%
20
30
12
75
07
NOVEMBER
China, the US and EU (including Britain) must take the lead in
tackling climate change – otherwise the whole world, including
many living in abject poverty, will suffer the consequences.
18
Coal
80
20
2015
1
UN climate talks in Lima to agree outline of
new international climate agreement
85
11
DECEMBER
DECEMBER
90
20
23
EU leaders due to agree new EU climate and
energy targets
95
10
OCTOBER
OCTOBER
OCTOBER
Ban Ki Moon’s climate summit in New York City
100
20
2014
23
23
105
20
SEPTEMBER
SEPTEMBER
SEPTEMBER
SEPTEMBER
110
09
The year ahead is critical for securing a global deal
Gas
20
The government can ensure that global action is taken on climate change
by maintaining momentum for an ambitious EU climate and energy package
and a global deal at Paris in December 2015.
In the US, hundreds of dirty coal plants are coming off the system,
and new pollution standards have banned new coal stations from
being built.
US energy consumption
(2007=100)
THE INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGE
Source: World Bank
Source: Greenpeace
However...
19
THE SOLUTIONS
...in Europe, coal consumption has risen in recent years.
780
OUR IDEAS
mtCO2
760
In order to encourage a global deal on climate change,
Britain should support the adoption of a new, legally-binding
EU-wide commitment to halve greenhouse gas pollution
(on 1990 levels) by 2030, provided that there is sufficient
ambition from other major economies at the UN climate
summit in Paris in 2015.
740
720
700
680
660
2010
Source: Sandbag
2011
2012
2013
The EU’s main green policy – the Emissions Trading Scheme
– has failed to set a stable and adequately high price for
carbon, which would have prevented the resurgence of coal.
Spot price of EUA carbon allowances, 2005–2014
€35
€30
EU Allowance Unit (EUA)
€25
€25: EUA price needed to
influence long-term capacity
switching according to the IEA
€20
€15
€10
A successful outcome to the Paris summit will be contingent on:
1. A fair contribution to finance for adaptation and lowcarbon development in some of the poorest and most
vulnerable countries
2. Targets to cut emissions set for every five-year period
with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.
The UK must support the establishment of a global
sustainable development goal specifically related to keeping
global temperatures from rising by more than 2°C.
To avoid coal use increasing and undermining Britain’s
commitment to a global deal, the government’s Emissions
Performance Standard for carbon pollution should be
extended so that the rules apply to the UK’s existing coalfired plants. Within the EU, the UK should push for other
member states to follow the UK’s lead in addressing the
resurgence of coal.
€5
13 Feb 2014
23 Jan 2013
3 Jan 2012
3 Feb 2011
14 Jan 2010
16 Feb 2009
21 Jan 2008
21 Feb 2007
27 Jan 2006
€0
Source: the Intercontinental Exchange with calculations from Sandbag Climate Campaign
20
21
IMPACT
We are grateful to individuals from a number of organisations which
presented to the roundtable discussions that informed this document.
To develop this document, IPPR engaged with representatives from
all three main political parties and heard expert testimony from many
different organisations.
“
WE CAN’T CONTROL WHOLESALE PRICES.
BUT BY ENCOURAGING HOME-GROWN ENERGY –
INCLUDING RENEWABLES AND NUCLEAR – WE CAN
INFLUENCE SOME OF THE COSTS OVER TIME. BUT
THE BEST WAY TO CUT BILLS IN THE LONG-TERM
IS TO CUT OUR USE OF ENERGY
”
ED DAVEY, MINISTER FOR ENERGY AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
“
BILLS ARE RISING YEAR ON YEAR.
THE MARKET HAS FAILED TO UNLOCK
THE INVESTMENT THE COUNTRY
NEEDS, AND PUBLIC TRUST AND
CONSENT HAS BEEN LOST
”
CAROLINE FLINT, SHADOW MINISTER FOR
ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
“
NOT JUST THE GREEN INVESTMENT
BANK BUT THE CLIMATE CHANGE AGENDA
IS AN AREA OF IMPORTANT CONSENSUS.
WE MUSTN’T TAKE THAT FOR GRANTED AND
WE NEED TO REINVEST IN THAT AND KEEP IT
THAT WAY
”
GREG BARKER, MINISTER OF STATE FOR
ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE (2010–14)
IPPR is particularly grateful to our steering group, which included:
• Ruth Davis, political director at Greenpeace
• Nick Mabey, chief executive and founding director of E3G
• Matthew Spencer, director of Green Alliance
• Michael Jacobs, senior adviser on international climate change policy at IDDRI
• Ben Caldecott, head of government advisory at Bloomberg New Energy Finance
• Duncan Brack, vice chair of the Liberal Democrats’ federal policy committee and
manifesto group.
We would also like to thank the European Climate Foundation for their generous funding.
22
23
OTHER IPPR WORK
Many of the ideas and analysis in this publication are taken
from IPPR’s reports on energy, transport and climate change,
which can be downloaded from our website, ippr.org.
IPPR has the highest media profile of all UK thinktanks, and is a
prominent voice on climate change, energy and transport issues.
“
OVER THE NEXT DECADE MANY OF BRITAIN’S AGEING
POWER STATIONS WILL CLOSE, WHILE DEMAND FOR POWER
WILL INCREASE. THAT IS WHY WE MUST START ‘FRACKING’ –
BUT WE CANNOT ALLOW A FRACKING FREE-FOR-ALL.
EXPLOITING A RANGE OF DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES –
SHALE, WIND AND NUCLEAR – IS THE ONLY WAY TO DEAL
WITH BRITAIN’S TWIN CRISES.
”
WILL STRAW, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, THE TIMES (MAY 2013)
IPPR works with international partners to examine climate change policy
in the world’s three biggest emitters – the EU, the US and China.
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