Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Church of the Holy Sepulchre wikipedia , lookup
Savoyard crusade wikipedia , lookup
Despenser's Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Albigensian Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Nicopolis wikipedia , lookup
Rhineland massacres wikipedia , lookup
Siege of Acre (1291) wikipedia , lookup
History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem wikipedia , lookup
Second Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Fourth Crusade wikipedia , lookup
First Crusade wikipedia , lookup
The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church during the High and Late Middle Ages. LEARNING OBJECTIVE [ edit ] Describe the origins of the Crusades and what their impact KEY POINTS [ edit ] The Crusades were a series of military conflicts conducted by Christian knights to defend Christians and the Christian empire against Muslim forces. The Holy Land was part of the Roman Empire until the Islamic conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. Thereafter Christians were permitted to visit parts of the Holy Land until 1071 when Christian pilgrimages were stopped by the Seljuk Turks. The goal of the First Crusade was to restore Christian access to holy places in and near Jerusalem. The Second Crusade occurred in 1145 when Edessa was retaken by Islamic forces. The Fourth Crusade was the last crusade sponsored by the papacy. Jerusalem was held for nearly a century after the Fourth Crusade and other strongholds in the Near East would remain in Christian possession much longer, but the crusades in the Holy Land ultimately failed to establish permanent Christian kingdoms. The Crusaders were Roman Catholic Christians who had pledged allegiance to the Vatican and came from various feudal kingdoms of Western Europe. The impact of the Crusades was profound, both in a negative and positive way. The Crusades resulted in massacres and the murder of thousands of Jews, but are also thought to have influenced trade and the arts throughout the Mediterranean. TERMS [ edit ] Apotheosis The glorification of a subject to divine level; the idea that an individual has been raised to godlike stature. schism A division or a split, usually between groups belonging to a religious denomination. Byzantine Empire The predominantly Greekspeaking continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Zionism The national movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. heretical Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Teutonic Germanic or Teutonic peoples were an IndoEuropean ethnolinguistic group of Northern European origin. Give us feedback on this content: FULL TEXT [ edit ] The Crusades were a series of military conflicts conducted by Christian knights for the defence of Christians and for the expansion of Christian domains. Generally, the Crusades refer to the campaigns in the Holy Land sponsored by the papacy against Muslim forces. There were other crusades against Islamic forces in southern Spain, southern Italy, and Sicily, as well as the campaigns of Teutonic knights against pagan strongholds in Eastern Europe . A few crusades such as the Fourth Crusade were waged within Christendom against groups that were considered heretical and schismatic Origins of the Crusades The Holy Land had been part of the Roman Empire, and thusByzantine Empire, until the Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries. Thereafter, Christians had generally been permitted to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land until 1071, when the Seljuk Turks closed Christian pilgrimages and assailed the Byzantines, defeating them at the Battle of Manzikert. Emperor Alexius I asked for aid from Pope Urban II (1088–1099) for help against Islamic aggression. He probably expected money from the pope for the hiring of mercenaries. Instead, Urban II called upon the knights of Christendom in a speech made at the Council of Clermont on 27 November 1095, combining the idea of pilgrimage to the Holy Land with that of waging a holy war against infidels. The First, Second and Third Crusades In 1095 Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to holy places in and near Jerusalem. During the First crusade, Antioch was captured in 1099 and then Jerusalem. The Second Crusade occurred in 1145 when Edessa was retaken by Islamic forces. Jerusalem would be held until 1187 and the Third Crusade, famous for the battles between Richard the Lionheart and Saladin. The Fourth Crusade The Fourth Crusade, begun by Innocent III in 1202, intended to retake the Holy Land but was soon subverted by Venetians who used the forces to sack the Christian city of Zara. Innocent excommunicated the Venetians and crusaders. Eventually the crusaders arrived in Constantinople, but due to strife which arose between them and the Byzantines, rather than proceed to the Holy Land the crusaders instead sacked Constantinople and other parts of Asia Minor effectively establishing the Latin Empire of Constantinople in Greece and Asia Minor. Attack of the Crusaders on Constantinople. Representation of Constantinople with the Palaiologanera flag of the Byzantine Empire. This was effectively the last crusade sponsored by the papacy; later crusades were sponsored by individuals. Thus, though Jerusalem was held for nearly a century and other strongholds in the Near East would remain in Christian possession much longer, the crusades in the Holy Land ultimately failed to establish permanent Christian kingdoms. The Crusaders Several hundred thousand Roman Catholic Christians became Crusaders by taking a public vow and receiving plenary indulgences from the Vatican. The Crusaders came from various feudal kingdoms of Western Europe, whose very customs turned every attempt to form a unified central command to lead the Crusaders into failure. With hundreds of aristocrats and noblemen among the Crusaders, each vying for personal fame, wealth, and glory, the very idea of a feudal lord giving up personal command over loyal manatarms to a single commander, a nobleman and competitor for position at court, was an unthinkable and insulting proposition to even consider. This lack of a central command resulted in frequent quarrels between feudal noblemen, church leaders, and courtiers, leading to intrafaith political factions and shifting alliances as hundreds of capricious feudal lords jostled for political advantage and influence within the Crusade, which at times led to rather bizarre situations, including an instance when the Crusaders joined forces with the army of the Islamic Sultanate of Rûm during the Fifth Crusade. Detail of a miniature of Philip Augustus arriving in Palestine. Created: After 1332, before 1350 Impact of the Crusades The Crusades reopened the Mediterranean to trade and travel, enabling Genoa and Venice to flourish. Crusading armies would engage in commerce with the local populations while on the march, with Orthodox Byzantine emperors often organizing markets for Crusader forces moving through their territory. The crusading movement consolidated the collective identity of the Latin Church under the Pope's leadership and was the source of heroism, chivalry, and medieval piety. This in turn spawned medieval romance, philosophy, and literature. The crusaders often pillaged the countries through which they travelled in the typical medieval manner. Nobles often retained much of the territory gained rather than returning it to the Byzantines as they had sworn to do. Encouraged by the Church, the Peoples' Crusade prompted Rhineland massacres and the murder of thousands of Jews. In the late 19th century this episode was used by Jewish historians to supportZionism. The Fourth Crusade resulted in the sack of Constantinople by the Roman Catholics, effectively ending the chance of reuniting the Christian church by reconciling the East–West Schism and leading to the weakening and eventual fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans. Nevertheless, some crusaders were merely poor people trying to escape the hardships of medieval life in an armed pilgrimage leading to Apotheosis at Jerusalem. The Crusades: The Crescent and the Cross1/2 (Ep1) Here the scars of battle fought between three of the great religions of the world are etched into the earth. But the deepest wound was made by a war between Christians and Muslims, that began in the 11th century and fought for 200 years. At stake: A tiny strip of land just a few hundred miles long, but with the greatest prize, Jerusalem. Now this holy war's past is a legend, but there were those who saw it with their own eyes. Great chronicles from two different worlds, Christian and Muslim, who wrote of great deeds, great battles, great warriors and men who would lay down their lives for their god. This was the collision of two great faiths, the clash between the crescent and the cross.