* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Roman Republic
Ancient Roman architecture wikipedia , lookup
Structural history of the Roman military wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Augustus wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Timeline of Ancient Rome Geographic Factors to the Rise of Rome Rome is the story of growth, expansion and influence of a small settlement in Tiber River Valley = Seven Hills of Palatine (city where Rome was founded) Link between Europe and Africa: Italian Peninsula is central in Mediterranean world (halfway between east and west) Seclusion: rugged mountains separate northern Italy from the rest of Europe which provide good protection but made communication difficult Agricultural Climate: mild climate, fertile land, river beds, volcanic soil, mountain deposits Rivers: Po and Tiger allowed for transport and created borders from other peoples Seven Hills of Palatine Etruscans First inhabitants of Northern Italy c. 750 BCE Conquered Rome around 600 BCE Skilled artisans, farmers and accomplished traders In Rome, the Etruscans dug an enormous ditch (Great Sewer) to create a drained area named the Forum contributed to the rise of Rome and culture Roman Forum (then and now) The Roman Forum was the political and economic centre of Rome during the Republic. It became the heart of Rome where people met to talk, trade, govern and worship • According to legend, the city of Rome began in 753 BCE and Romulus was the first of seven Etruscan Kings. •Romulus was believed to be a great warrior king and started Rome’s first army and government •Illustrated story of Romulus and Remus here Etruscan Monarchy First Etruscan King was Romulus Etruscans expanded power and took control over Romans Last Etruscan King was Tarquin the Proud= expelled by a popular rebellion in 509 BCE due to a scandal and his terrorizing reign Romans did not want to be ruled by kings anymore Paved way for Rome to create a democratic republic Etruscan influence on Romans: alphabet, arch, numerals, blood sports, politics (purple robes) and symbol of fasces Roman Republic (509 BCE) In a republic, citizens elect leaders to run their government. Roman Republic= Res Publica (public matter) SPQR = Senatus Populusque Romanus or the Senate and the People of Rome Resulted from discontent of tyrannical Etruscan monarchy A combination of aristocracy, oligarchy and democracy Senate and the People of Rome The internal history of the Roman Republic consisted of constant tension and feuds between the patricians and the plebeians Patricians Senatorial aristocracy Landowning aristocracy From Latin word ‘patres’ which means father Plebeians People Landless poor From Latin word ‘plebs’ which means common people Roles in Roman Republic Magistrates: most powerful magistrates were the two consuls, or Chief Magistrates of State; both had the power to veto (Latin for “I forbid”) each other in important decisions (elected by patricians) Assemblies (Comitia): four assemblies (organized by wealth / classes) of male citizens elected officials as magistrates annually to pass and enforce laws Senate: council of men who controlled Rome (state budget and foreign affairs); controlled most land and chosen for life Plebian Tribal Council & Tribunes: membership restricted to nonsenatorial males; 2 plebeian tribunes elected and could veto decisions made by consuls; eventually increased to 10 tribunes; the establishment of Tribunes became powerful interpreters of the peoples’ wishes Expansion & Trade Goal to expand land, resources and trade: LAND: Republic needed land to reward its armies. Romans believed that land was the only important form of wealth, and farming and soldiering were the honourable occupations RESOURCES: Sicily (grain); Spain (cooking oil); other cities in east (wine, produce, leather and woolen goods) CONFLICTS: Expansion in south led to clashes with the trading peoples called the Carthaginians (North Africa) TRADE: Increase in military activity meant an increase in the trade in weapons COLONIES: settled and run by full Roman citizens who remained loyal (ie. discharged soldiers) and colonies were linked by roads and a unified currency WEALTH: accumulative wealth gained from collecting taxes and importing goods which paid for massive building projects and paid soldiers Roman Law: The Twelve Tables Rome was among few societies that developed laws that were codified (written down) and fully analyzed by jurists pressure by the ordinary people to break the monopolization of the law by the patricians and upper class Twelve Tables: written 450 BCE in Latin Most laws related to civil matters Formed basic legal procedures and appropriate punishments But Roman law still distinguished between rich and poor, freemen and slaves Daily Life in the Republic Very religious and superstitious tendencies Lavish dinner parties All actions (political and military) were made with omens of nature which would signal approval from the gods inheritance of property was very important practice of adoption of males (ie. Caesar adopted Octavian, the son of his niece) arranged marriages (girls around age of 15) Patriarchal society Education: read and write Latin and Greek Boys studied art of rhetoric; girls taught to sing dance, spin, weave Latin Romans spoke Latin, which spread throughout the Mediterranean (only Greek survived) For next thousand years, Latin was the language of Roman government, legal system and became the international language of the Christian church, education and scholarship Latin still to this day has a strong presence in language of medicine and law Examples of Latin Veni, vidi, vici “I am, I saw, I conquered” Alter ego “another I” Bona fide “in good faith” Et cetera “and other” Exit or exenut “He / she / they go out” Habeas corpus “you must have the fact / body of the crime” Via “by way of” Vice versa “the other way around” Art and Architecture Art was influenced by Etruscans and even more by the Greeks (sculptures, paintings) with expansion and conquests (ie. Corinth) Greek architecture (columns) was fused into Roman culture Romans alone gave the world CONCRETE PUNIC WARS: MILITARY SCENARIO Punic Wars: Three Punic Wars (Rome vs. Carthage) 1st Punic War 264 BCE- 241 BCE Rome vs. Sicily, Syracuse and Carthage Rome wins and adds Sicily and Syracuse to its empire and destroys Carthage 2nd Punic War 218 BCE – 202 BCE Hannibal takes ambitious journey from Spain with 36 000 troops and 37 elephants over Alps; conquers most of Italian Peninsula with remaining 26 000 troops and 1 elephant Four great battles with heavy Roman losses (ie. at Cannae, over 50 000 out of 86 000 Roman soldiers were annihilated in one day 14 years later, the final Battle at Zama (202 BCE), Roman general Scipio pushes Hannibal out of Italy and Carthagians were forced to pay reparations to Rome, dismantle navy and forfeit commercial empire 3rd Punic War 149 BCE – 146 BCE 50 years after Hannibal’s defeat, Carthage was ready for more and insulted a Roman delegation Rome invades Carthage and burns it to the ground, steals its many wealthy and luxurious objects Roman Legions Used fighting methods of Greeks (phalanx) but developed own methods in LEGIONS Legions divided into ‘maniples’ (cohorts) which moved in lines effectively in hilly terrain LEGION: basic unit was 80 men (6 = a cohort) and 10 cohorts made up a full legion of 4800 men Rome Legions at War War was a major part of life in the first 300 years of the Republic Men carried a 25 kg pack on his back Legion standard, silver eagle was considered sacred and was always kept near the commanding general Failure to perform duties or cowardice were corrected by stoning or even execution of 1 in every 10 men Policy of “divide and conquer” To move armies around so quickly, Romans built roads, bridges, aqueducts Built war machines (catapult which could hurl a 27 kg boulder 500m and battering ram which took 1000 men to mobilize it for action) All roads lead to Rome First paved road called via Appia (Appian Way) over 310 000 km of road built Roman Victories Complete unification of entire Italian Peninsula by 27- BCE Rome defeats Carthage, giving Rome control of North Africa and Carthage’s provinces in Spain Macedonia and Greece are conquered and become Roman provinces Pergamum (present day eastern Turkey) became province of Asia Minor, the first Roman possession in Asia Southern Gaul (south France) conquered by Romans The Greek World After Alexander the Great dies in 323 BCE, there is a fight over his empire – causes instability While visiting Corinth some important Roman delegates were insulted Rome attacked and destroyed Corinth, stealing its treasure and riches Marks the beginning of decadence and a love of luxury for the Romans Discontent with the Republic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Widening gap between patricians and plebeians Issue of Roman citizenship in colonies Wealth from wars and expansion made leaders (governors and generals) greedy and dishonest, and it also caused the poor people to want more rights Several consuls were assassinated as others tried to take position by force Increasing slave rebellions against severe treatment Solutions continuous attempts to control tensions and help poor (Gracchus brothers) Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus= sought land reforms, proposed free grain and more citizen rights… but both were killed Reasons for Fall of Republic state’s inability to bridge the gap between rich and poor Lack of effective control of Rome’s new found wealth & commercialism social uprisings of non-Roman Italians over Roman citizenship Military reforms of Gaius Marius Increased the size of the Roman Army by allowing any citizen of Rome to become a soldier. Led to Generals having enormous power. This increased power and influence of Roman Generals The First Triumvirate In 60 BCE, three Roman Generals: Pompey, Crassus and Caesar formed the First Triumvirate: Rule of Three Men Plan was to usurp the Roman Republic, backed with the power of their armies Crassus defeated the Sparticus Rebellion and was killed in later battles, and then Caesar set out to defeat Pompey (which he did) Caesar was ordered to disband his army and return to Rome. He feared persecution and crossed the Rubicon on January 10, 49BC Alea iacta est. (the Die is Cast) Rome torn by civil war. In 46 BCE, Julius Caesar, appointed dictator for 10 years (by Sentate) and then himself extended it for life; as well appointed himself Pontifex Maximus (Chief Priest) Because of J.C. 46BC was 445 days long to accommodate the Julian Calendar (July) that was 365 and had a leap year The Birth of the Roman Empire Caesar was assassinated March 15, 44 BC After Caesar’s assassination= civil war ensued Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus in 43 BCE and divided the Republic between them (sealed with a marriage between Octavian’s sister and Marc Antony) Lepidus was pushed from power Marc Antony met and married Cleopatra in 36 BCE, but Octavian defeated Antony’s armies and Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide Octavian was left as master of Roman world From Octavian to Augustus Octavian claimed he would return control of republic to the Senate (really gave Senate power over provinces with weak military, while he kept provinces with large armies for himself) He was given semi-divine name of Augustus and portrayed he was a descendant of Venus Expanded his power by becoming Tribune to the People to bridge the gap between the rich and poor Only took the title of Princeps (first among the equals or First Citizen) but was in fact Rome’s first emperor Emperors were the commander in chief of the army and head of the priesthood Senate continued to exist to suggest and approve the Emperor’s decisions Rome under Augustus Period of Augustan peace called Principate Flourishing of “Romanity” (arts, religion, civil service, literature, state sponsored architecture, mosaics and sculptures ie. 82 temples) Had an imperial force of 9000 men known as Praetorian Guard to protect Rome A great statesman and his system of bureaucracy lasted for 200 years Massive building program that turned Rome from a ‘city of brick to a city of marble’ (2 circuses, 2 amphitheatres, 4 gladiatorial schools, 11 imperial baths, 926 private baths, 2000 fountains, 700 public pools and 37 monumental gates) Estimated Rome population grew from 180 000 inhabitants in the Republic ( c. 270 BCE) -375 000 (130 BCE) to 1 million people under Augustus At its peak, there could have been as many as 54 million people within the Roman empire (based on Roman census taken every 5 years as a basis for taxation) Successors to Augustus: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Of the first 12 emperors- seven died violently by poison, stabbing or suicide. After Augustus, several emperors were violent, insane or both. Second Century AD brought a succession of “good emperors” many of whom were born out of Italy. Hadrian (from Spain)- rebuilt Pantheon, Hadrian's Wall, and created special departments to control things such as correspondence, justice, taxes and records. The good emperors developed a larger civil service and separated the governing of the empire into military and civil affairs. TRAJAN CONSTANTINE HADRIAN DIOCLETIAN NERO SLAVES & ECONOMY By time of Augustus, more than one quarter of the people living in Italy were slaves from other parts of the empire Slaves built roads, monuments and public works, farming Some slaves were well educated people who worked as doctors, dentists, writer and educators At height of empire, slaves made up an estimated 1/3 of population and were used as gladiators, dictation, worked in masters’ estates During Roman Empire, free grain had to be distributed to almost 200 000 people (lack of jobs; heavy reliance on slaves) More than ¾ of food came from Sicily, North Africa and Egypt= paid for by taxes from rest of empire (Rome paid no taxes) Wine, oil and pottery were the most important goods sent from Italy to the rest of the empire but more goods came from throughout the empire Architecture Roman sculptures developed own styles with triumphal arches, columns and symbols and figures that celebrated the victories of conquering emperors Arch of Titus Hadrian’s Wall Roman Aqueducts Pantheon Thermal Baths Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre) built in 80 CE by Emperor Titus Circus, theatres Parthenon Religions in the Roman Empire Cult of Isis- Egypt religion that worshiped Isis (wife of Osiris and mother of Horus) was very popular in Roman Empire (Pompeii there was a temple) Mithraism- Persian deity was popular among soldiers and merchants as they traveled to far East (ritual killing of bull) Christianity- became popular as it preached equality (slave, noble ) could achieve salvation but Christians were the most persecuted among the rising religions (ie. Nero and Great Fire in Rome) Judaism- Diaspora (dispersion) in 586 BCE spread out Jews but by 4th century CE, there were 11 synagogues in Rome Bread and Circuses: Daily Life in the Roman Empire Pax Romana (Roman peace) occurred in 2nd century CE under reigns of Hadrian and Pius (117-161 CE) Daily life: Bread and Circuses: poor people of city were given free grain, while both the rich and poor enjoyed chariot races, gladiator duels and other spectacles of the Circus Maximus Legal punishments varied depending on class and wealth Luxury- theatre, public baths and diversity of goods The Problem of Greed… By time of Hadrian- (117-138 CE) Romans had an empire that stretched from Britain to middle of Asia Why would Rome want to continue to expand its territories? $ $ $: more taxes to generate and to push back tribes that threatened empire What problems would arise the larger the empire became? was difficult and expensive to control regions far from Rome Provinces want independence Tribes in north threaten Roman provinces Spreading of disease as soldiers traveled in Egypt and Asia and returned to Rome Seeds of the Fall of the Empire Diocletian – promoted to Emperor in 284 CE by his fellow soldiers in Praetorian Guard 293 CE, Diocletian made some fateful reforms: 1. due to size of empire, he divided the rule of the Roman Empire into two parts (East and West); then divided into four 2. dismantled Christian churches and burned holy scriptures and many Christians died as martyrs 3. administrative, economic and military reforms split of the Roman Empire became permanent and Western part of Empire lost its Roman nature, while Eastern developed into the Byzantine Empire Problems of high inflation Christianity was still spreading Christianity and Constantine Christianity gained influence in from the 2nd – 4th century CE (despite the great persecutions in the 3rd century CE) Had a defined bureaucratic structure of church elders and bishops as well as coherent holy scriptures and rituals First Christian Emperor of Rome was Constantine (after he was victorious in battle he accredited it to God) Passed the Edict of Milan (Edict of Toleration) in 313 CE, proclaiming Christians free from persecution Favoured Christian communities and established Byzantium as major seat in Roman government (called the New Rome or Constantinople) given equal authority to Rome (set to replace Rome as centre of Empire Fall of the West By 5th century CE, successive invasions by the barbarians from north (Germanic tribes consisting of Goths, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, Vandals and Huns) that conquered land Effort by Roman Emperors to accommodate and settle them, but eventually the barbarians swept through the Roman empire creating smaller kingdoms run by Germanic monarchs 410 CE, Visigoths sacked Rome; 455 CE Vandals sack Rome Roman Empire fought Attila the Hun German barbarian Odoacer deposed the historic line of emperors in Rome in 476 CE 1200 years after the founding of Rome, the Western Empire came to an end, but eastern Empire still thrived Reasons for the Fall 1) 2) 3) 4) Reliance on colonies for raw materials and goods: reliance on products such as grain, wine, olive oil, gold, stone, cloth stagnated Roman production and innovation as Italy produced less and less (became poorer as other provinces became richer; Rome became depended on resources from colonies) Decline of farming and prestige of army: Diocletian increased size of army which took people away from farms= decrease in food production; emperors recruited foreigners in colonies to fight for Roman army= taught them techniques which worked against them High inflation and taxes (growing cost of defence was a great burden on economy as soldiers had to be fed, clothed and armed= distribution of coins made of less valuable metal= caused inflation and in time there was no $ to support army). Heavy taxes imposed on population which were difficult to pay. Dependence on slavery: reliance of slaves for agricultural production in single large farms; once empire stopped growing there was a shortage of slaves resulting in system of tenant farming (collection of small farms) which was less efficient Reasons for the Fall (politics) 1) 2) 3) Insecurity of Emperors: army had huge influence on how emperors were chosen which resulted in rivalry, murder plots and power struggles Rise of Christianity: growing influence of Christianity caused changes in Roman culture, practices and ideology; Edict of Milan passed in 313 CE under Constantine, but became legal and state religion under Theodosius in 380 CE Menacing movements of barbarians: constant invasions and the spreading of plagues contributed to the break up of the empire; invading barbarians used the Roman roads to move quickly and gained more territory in Roman Empire All led to the decline of idea of an eternal Rome and Roman supremacy A New Era After the fall of the West, the Roman Empire centred in Constantinople and was transformed into Byzantium (until 1453) Despite the fall of Rome, its influences transcended to the Middle Ages (language of Latin, laws, religion of Christianity and culture) Ironically, the people of Europe became more “Romanized” after Rome fell than ever before