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Topic 4E: Plant Growth and Changes Unit Plan Overview By: Alyssa Woolley & Maren Steed 1. 2. Lesson Plants role in the world and in the environment Science Concept Plants are important for humans and for the environment. Humans and animals use plants as a source of food. Animals usually eat the plants’ leaves whereas; humans eat most parts of the plant. Plants can also be a source of shelter. Humans use wood from plants to make houses. Plants provide the oxygen that humans and animals need to breath. Plants are an important part of the environment. Plants prevent erosion by keeping the soil in place so it is not blown away by wind or washed away by rain. Plants also provide shelter for animals to live in. Focus Question How do plants prevent erosion? Parts of the plant Plants have different parts and each part has a different function. Roots absorb water and nutrients and provide support to the plant. The stem structure provides support to the top part of the plant. It is also the connection between the leaves and roots to pass nutrients and water. The leaves are where photosynthesis occurs. The flower is the reproduction center of the plant. What is photosynthesis? 1. Why are plants important to humans? What is the purpose of each structure of the plant? How do roots absorb nutrients? 2. SLE’s Describe the importance of plants to humans and their importance to the natural environment. Students who meet this expectation should be able to give examples of plants being used as a source of food or shelter, and be aware of the role plants play in the environment; e.g., preventing erosion, maintaining oxygen. Identify and describe the general purpose of plant roots, stems, leaves and flowers. 3. Common plant categories Plants can be classified into four different categories. The four categories are mosses and liverworts, ferns, cone plants, and flowering plants. Mosses and liverwort plants are green and small. Fern plants are found in moist/wet areas such as forests or streams. Cone plants are trees whose needles stay on all year round. Some examples of cone plants are pine trees, fir trees, and spruce trees. Flowering plants are the plants that grow flowers. They produce seeds which produce offspring. Some examples of flowering plants are sunflowers, tulips, and oak trees. 1 4. Requirements Plants have specific requirements for plant for growth such as amounts of air, growth light energy, water, nutrients, space, and temperature. All these are required for photosynthesis to take place so the plant can grow and produce its own food. Each plant requires a different amount of each for optimum growth. Not every plant can grow in every condition and climate; some flourish in warm/ humid places while others need a colder place to grow. The right conditions need to How are plants classified? 3. Describe common plants, and classify them on the basis of their characteristics and uses. What happens to a plant if it receives too much or too little of what it requires? 4. Recognize that plant requirements for growth; i.e., air, light energy, water, nutrients and space; vary from plant to plant and that other conditions; e.g., temperature and humidity; may also be important to the growth of particular plants. Can a plant grow in a different climate? Do all plants have the same requirements for growth? 5. Identify examples of plants that have special needs. 10. Describe the care and growth of a plant that students have nurtured, in particular: be met for the plant to have a healthy life cycle. identify the light, temperature, water and growing medium requirements of the plant plant structures of the plant. 5. 6. Plant Communities Life cycle of a plant Plant communities are a collection of plants in an area that have similar needs such as light, temperature and water. Different plant communities include grasslands, forest, desert, tropical, and mountains. What are the types of plant communities? Plants have a common life cycle starting as a seed all the way to a fully grown plant. New plants are not identical to parent plants. There are four stages to a plants life cycle. They include seed germination, plant growth, flowering and seed growth/release. Germination is “the sprouting or early growth of a plant seed or spore”. The roots of the plant then start to grow in order to absorb nutrients for plant growth. Next the stem of the plant will grow which is followed by the leaves. The flowering part of the life cycle is when the plant is fully grown and flowers form. During the flowering phase pollination occurs and the plant develops its seeds. Once the What are the stages in a plant’s life cycle? In which plant community do we live? 6. Recognize that a variety of plant communities can be found within the local area and that differences in plant communities are related to variations in the amount of light, water and other conditions. 7. Recognize that plants of the same kind have a common life cycle and produce new plants that are similar, but not identical, to the parent plants. How are new plants propagated? 8. Describe ways that various flowering plants can be propagated, including What are the from seed, from cuttings, from bulbs reproductive parts and by runners. of a plant? 9. Nurture a plant through one complete life cycle—from seed to seed. 10. Describe the care and growth of a plant that students have nurtured, in particular: water and growing medium requirements of the plant seeds are fully developed the plant will release them in a different ways. 2 As we nurture a plant from seed we can observe all of the stages of the life cycle of a plant. Flowering plants are propagated in 4 different ways (seeds, cuttings, bulbs and runners). Propagation by seeds is where a seed is planted and a new plant then grows out of that seed. Cutting is where a portion of the parent plant is cut and transplanted in water, soil, etc so that it can grow roots and become a new plant. 3 Non-seed bearing plants use cuttings, bulbs and runners to reproduce. Bulbs are “rounded underground storage organ that contains the shoot of a new plant.” 4 When conditions are favourable the bulb will then grow. Propagation by runners is where the plant “grows along the ground or downward from a hanging basket, producing a new plant at its tip”5. The reproduction structures of the plant reproductive structures of the plant. plant are found in the flower. The stamen is the male part of the flower. The stamen includes the anther and the filament. Pollen is made in the anther. The carpel is the female part of the flower. The carpel includes the stigma, style and ovary. The pollen fertilizes the ovules which is located in the ovary. Once pollination occurs a seed is produced.6 7. Seed distribution Plant seeds can be disturbed in many ways including wind, water, animal and explosion. Each seed has certain structures that make it easier to be dispersed. Seeds that are dispersed by wind have hairs and wings on them. Seeds carried by animals have hooks or are sticky. Seeds dispersed by water are light weight and float. Seeds distributed in explosions are released from its own plant. How are seeds dispersed? What structures helps seeds be dispersed by wind, animals and water? 11. Describe different ways that seeds are distributed; e.g., by wind, by animals; and recognize seed adaptations for different methods of distribution. How does the explosion method work? ______________ 1 2 3 4 5 Globio. (n.d.). Plants. Retrieved from http://www.globio.org/glossopedia/article.aspx?art_id=30. Ehow. (2012). The plant life cycle for kids. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_6382324_plant-life-cycle-kids.html. Plant Propagation. (2011). Plant propagation technique: Cutting. Retrieved from http://plantpropagation.com/cuttings.htm. Dictionary. (2012). Bulbs. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bulb. The Univeristy of Arizona (1998). PLANT pROPAGATION: ASEXUAL pROPAGATION. Received from http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/propagation/asexual.html. 6 Enchanted Learning. (2010). Flower anatomy. Received from http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/printouts/floweranatomy.shtml. Topic 4E: Plant Growth and Changes Student Ideas and Scientific Explanation Chart Lesson/ Topic Plants role in the world and in the environment Student Ideas “Plants produce oxygen for our benefit”7 “Plants breathe by inhaling carbon dioxide and exhaling oxygen”8 Scientific Explanation “Plants take in air through their leaves. Both carbon dioxide and oxygen are used for different processes. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, while respiration requires oxygen. While plants do release oxygen, it is a by-product of photosynthesis and is not released through breathing. Plants do not breathe. They absorb air through the stomata (pores) in their leaves.”2 Part of the plant “Plants feed by absorbing food through their roots”1 The roots are absorbing water and nutrients which the plant then uses to make its own food through photosynthesis. The food is not directly absorbed through the roots. Common plant categories “That trees, vegetables and grass are not plants”2 Trees, vegetables and grass are classified under the category of plants. They all start from a seed and grown into a larger version of itself. To be classified as a plant, the plant has to go through photosynthesis which all three items do.2 Requirements for plant growth “Sunlight helps plants grow by keeping them warm”2 The plant doesn’t need to stay warm to help it grow. “It is the chloroplasts in the plant absorb the sun’s energy for use in photosynthesis”.2 “Leaves change color because they don't have much moisture, get dry, and turn brown”9 During the fall and winter plants don’t receive enough sunlight or moisture that is needed for photosynthesis. As a result of reduced photosynthesis and chlorophyll the leaves turn color11 Plant “food” is a misnomer because mineral nutrients are not really food for plants. “Fertilizer” is the correct term. 10 Plant communities Life cycle of a plant Fertilizer is not the same thing as plant food. “Most plants get hydrogen, oxygen and carbon from water and from the air, but plants also need other nutrients that they usually get from the soil. Fertilizer contains these and other nutrients for plants, as well as fillers. Plants use these nutrients in fertilizers (and in the environment) to produce their own food.”4 “Students believe plants cannot sexually reproduce”12 Plants contain both male and female reproductive organs. During fertilization (pollination) the pollen from the anther is transferred to the stigma.15 The plant then grows seeds within the fruit. Some believe that the fruit comes The seed develops after pollination. The fruit develops as a Seed distribution first and then the seed develops 13 “by-product to the reproductive process”. The fruit also acts as a protection to the seed.7 “Grass, trees, and other plants die in the winter and are born in the spring”14 Some plants in colder climates will not die in the winter but will either “rest” or go “dormant” when conditions are not favourable for growth. In spring those plants will come out of their resting or dormant stage and continue to grow.16 Seeds have to be planted.1 Seeds do not have to be planted for them to grow. As long as the seed has water and sunlight it can germinate. In some science classes, the students will grow a bean sprout without planting the seed. This is done by placing a seed in a glass container and held in placed by a wet paper towel. The seed will then sprout roots and grow into a bean sprout. This experiment is done without ever planting a seed in soil. Children’s Ideas in Science. (2008). Common misconceptions about plants- obtaining and using energy. Retrieved from http://homepage.mac.com/vtalsma/misconcept.html#plants. 2 Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears. (n.d.). Common misconceptions about plants. Retrieved from http://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/polar-plants/common-misconceptions-about-plants. 3 Home of Bob. (n.d.). Plants including trees misconceptions. Retrieved from http://www.huntel.net/rsweetland/science/misconceptions/plants.html. 4 E How Home. (2012). Is plant food the same as fertilizer? Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/info_7993194_plant-food-samefertilizer.html#ixzz1kgQgHDpG 5 Science Made Easy. (2011). Autumn leaves and fall foliage, why do leaves fall colors change? Retrieved from http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/leaves.html 6 Biology Science Misconceptions. (1994). Biology science misconceptions. Retrieved from http://departments.weber.edu/sciencecenter/biology%20misconceptions.htm 1 7 8 9 10 11 Primary Science Assessment Item. (2007). Identified misconceptions. Retrieved from http://www.ied.edu.hk/apfslt/v8_issue1/boohk/boohk3.htm Home of Bob. (n.d.) Reproduction, life cycle, cloning misconceptions. Retrieved from http://www.huntel.net/rsweetland/science/misconceptions/reproduction.html Oracle Think Quest. (n.d.) Bio review plants. Retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/28751/review/plants/6.html Answers.com. (2012). Why do some plants die in winter, while others don’t. Retrieved from http://www.answers.com/topic/why-do-someplants-die-in-winter-while-others don-t Schools Net. (2011). Lesson plan: Seed dispersal. Retrieved from http://www.schoolsnet.com/pls/hot_school/sn_primary.page_pls_resource_detail?x=16180339&p_res_id=1443