Download UNIT VIII – THE RENAISSANCE (AD1400`s

UNIT VIII – THE RENAISSANCE (AD1400’s & AD1500’s)
Pope Leo X on Humanism: Nothing more excellent or useful has been given to men
by the Creator, if we except the true knowledge and worship of Himself, than these studies.
TERMS TO KNOW
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RENAISSANCE – literally “rebirth” or “revival,” a cultural and political movement originating in Italy in
the 14th century
TRIVIUM – the three basic branches of Middle Ages education: grammar, rhetoric, and logic
QUADRIVIUM – four more advanced branches of Middle Ages education: arithmetic, geometry,
astonomy, and music
SCHOLASTICISM – system of education which builds on the wisdom of the Fathers of the Church and
the philosophy of Aristotle and Plato
HUMANISM – 14th Century movement focusing on the human spirit over the theological understanding of
man
SECULAR – that which belongs to this life or the world; typically in contrast and opposition to things of
the Church
DATES TO KNOW
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AD1453 – Fall of Constantinople
PEOPLE TO KNOW
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St. Thomas Aquinas – Dominican priest, Scholastic educator,
and Doctor of the Church who gives the Church the clearest and
most brilliant combination of philosophy and theology
Nicolo Machiavelli – Italian writer and philosopher most famous
for a book which promoted the use and, when necessary, the
abuse of political power
Erasmus of Rotterdam – a Dutch Catholic priest known for
embracing humanist philosophy within a Catholic worldview
The World of the Renaissance
The word “Renaissance” literally means: _____________________________________________________
Originates in _____________________ in the 14th century and from there spread to the rest of Europe
Focuses on: _____________________________________________________________________________
I. RENAISSANCE: ARTS & CULTURE
Spiritual renewal led to a renewal of ________________________
New ideas and culture introduced from ____________________
All aspects of life and culture connected with ______________________
The Arts…
Included things like: ________________________________________________________________
Art an object for ___________________________________________
Arts explore beauty in __________________________________________ to the Faith
Renaissance: Architecture
Cathedral of Florence, Italy
Cathedral of St. Paul-Minneapolis
Cathedral of Turin, Italy
Renaissance: Arts & Literature
Raphael – best known for his ________________ and his paintings in the ____________ apartments
Petrarch – called the “_____________________________” (but NOT a Father of the Church)
Dante Aleghieri – author of _________________________________________
Michelangelo – showed grandeur of ___________________________________
Leonardo da Vince – the man who wanted to know everything.
A Painter & an inventor: Painted __________________________ & ______________________
II. RENAISSANCE: LEARNING
From Monastery & Cathedral schools to Universities
Universities started by ________________ because the monastery & cathedral schools were ______
Students studied under expert teachers, eventually _________________________ their disciplines
The goal of a university was to give students ____________________________________________
The Papacy had a key role in establishing & supporting Universities
Various universities
Paris – most influential European University (known for: _______________________________)
Bologna (known for: _________________________)
Salerno (known for: _________________________)
Many _____________________________________ leaders were educated in Universities
Led to great flowering of Renaissance culture
Studied “liberal arts”
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Trivium – grammar, rhetoric, logic
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Quadrivium – arithmetic, geometry, music, & astronomy
Scholasticism – approach to learning used in Universities
St. Anselm of Canterbury was one of the first to use this method
His famous principle: Fides quarens intellectum
[meaning: _______________________________________________]
What is St. Anselm’s starting point for all learning? _________________________________
He synthesizes ______________________________________________
SCHOLASTIC METHOD
(1) Raising a disputed question
(2) Hearing arguments on both sides
(3) Giving a harmonized answer
(4) Offering a response to objections
St. Thomas Aquinas, Doctor of the Church – ____________________________
So named because he had an intellect as advanced as _______________________
St. Albert the Great: This dumb ox shall bellow so loud that his bellowings will fill the world
Thomas' s ___________________________ is illegible. It is unreadable.
He was the high-point of Scholasticism
Able to see the relationship and harmony between what 2 sets of things?
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
Both stem from the __________________________________________
Used Aristotle’s philosophy to understand the Catholic Faith
Ex. used Aristotle’s understanding of matter to show the ________________________________
This will be VERY important next semester…
Aristotle begins with the ______________, but Plato and Plotinus dismissed the senses.
Renaissance: Literature & Learning
Scholars turned to _______________ and _______________ classics
Caused a desire to return to the Greco-Roman world in ____________________________________
Bl. J. H. Cardinal Newman: Greco-Roman civilization is the “the soil in which Christianity grew up.”
Principle of Middle Ages: ________________________________
After Black Death, began to question this
Leads to less focus on _____________, more on ___________________________
Scripture & Tradition don’t ____________________________________________________
Humanism
Scholasticism, because it was closely tied to the Church, became ____________________________
Humanism became _____________________________
Denotes a certain mood and intellectual climate
More ________________________ than Scholasticism
Fascination w/human achievement and individual’s ability to ______________________________
The HUMANIST THINKER
The purpose of education is to make one wiser and more virtuous … ____________________
Focus was more on one’s relationship to the world instead of God… ____________________
EFFECTS OF HUMANISM ON EDUCATION
Sometimes caused inordinate reverence for _____________________________________________
Caused some to focus on secular to the exclusion of _______________________________
____________________________________ no longer played a role in every aspect of daily life
Less influential in political and academic sphere
One good effect was that a true Christian (_________________________) humanism also developed
A Christian Response to Humanism
The union of _____________________________ and _______________________________
Christian Humanism focuses that a person is made in ________________________________________
Christ, as the Perfect Man, is obviously key…
III. RENAISSANCE POLITICS
NICOLO MACHIAVELLI
Founder of modern ______________________
Developed concept of “the ends justify the means.” ERASMUS OF ROTTERDAM
Over-emphasis on ______________________
Cast down Christian virtues from preeminent
position
Friend of ____________________________
Extolled the primacy of _____________________
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Deep desire for reform and progress
through ______________________
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Suggested a more personal and subjective
Encouraged study of the _____________________
_______________________________
_________________________
IV. RENAISSANCE POPES
Often lived more like worldly princes than _________________________________
Papacy cannot look ________________ as it has before
Servus servorum Dei (St. Gregory the Great) is gone; it’s now about _________________________
Pope Nicholas V – GOOD!
Preserved many ancient documents, founded Vatican Library
Successfully integrated new humanism with _______________________________________
The Good (Pius III, Julius II**), the Bad (Leo X), and the Ugly (Alexander VI)
Julius II – peak of Renaissance Papacy – moral, but ______________________; patron of the arts
More like secular rulers than spiritual Fathers
Spent much time ruling, defending, exploiting, and expanding ___________________________
NOTE: the Pope possessed the Papal States from AD750-AD1870
V. THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE – AD1453
Background
Byzantium never really recovered after ______________________ & the powerful Muslim Turks
Minor Council called to reunite East & West
BUT Latin bishops wanted to _______________________________________
Never discussed uniting against _____________________________________
Eastern emperor pressured Eastern bishops to come to an agreement
Temporary re-unification
Laity _____________________ the reunification, causing more resentment of _____________
“Better the turban of the Prophet than the Pope’s tiara”
Papal ships arrived ________________ with aide (too late), but Constantinople fell on May 29, 1453
Effects
MARKS END OF ROMAN EMPIRE!
Solidified split between ____________________________________________________________
Italian city-states’ trade benefited greatly
Trade shifted from Constantinople to ________________________________________________
Refugees brought a new infusion of life into the ________________________________________