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Goal 4 con’t and Goal 5
Also this includes some information
about the scientific method
Scientific Method - review
Hypothesis
Data
Variable (dependent and independent)
Conclusion
Control
Theory
Law
Inferences vs. Observations
4.05 Animal Behavior
1.
2.
3.
Innate Behavior
Learned Behavior
Social Behavior
Innate Behavior
1.
Taxis – animal moves toward or away
from a stimulus
Ex. Insect moving toward or away from
light
Innate Behavior
Positive Light Taxis
Innate Behavior
Instinct –
Behavior an animal is born
with
Ex: suckling
2.
Innate Behavior
Migration
Purpose????
3.
Food (major)
Temperature (minor)
Innate Behavior
4.
Estivation – dormancy
during periods of
extreme heat or
drought
Purpose???
conserve resources
during extreme
conditions
Common in frogs
Innate Behavior
Hibernation – dormant
(sleep-like state) in
winter
Purpose?????
Survive
winters when there
is little available
food.
Learned Behavior
Habituation - an animal becomes accustomed to
a stimulus through prolonged and regular
exposure
Ex: You live next to the train track and you don’t
even “hear” the train any more.
Learned Behavior - Imprinting



Learning based on early
experience
Once occurred, cannot
be changed
Keeps young animals
close to mother who
protects and feeds them
Learned Behavior
Classical Conditioning –
teaching a response to a
new stimulus
Ex: Pavlov’s Dogs
Learned Behavior
Trial and Error – learning
through positive (food,
praise) and negative
(punishment)
reinforcement
Social Behavior
Communication in social
insects using
pheromones.
Social Behavior
Courtship Dances
Albatross
Japanese Cranes
Purpose of Mating Rituals?


Enables animals to
identify healthy,
reproductively fit mates
of the same species
Courtship rituals are
species specific
Ruffed Grouse
Social Behavior
Territorial Defense –
Conserves resources
Protects organisms from
getting hurt by fighting
Fighting Fish
Bighorn Sheep
Mocking bird “mobbing” an American Kestrel
Goal 5 Ecology
5.01 Interrelationships
Symbiosis – relationship between two organisms
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit.
Ex: E. coli in your
intestines
Acacia tree and ants
Ants and aphids
Commensalism
One organism benefits, the
other is neither helped
nor harmed.
Ex: orchids on a tree
Barnacles on a whale
Mites on our eyelashes
Parasitism
One organism is harmed
(the host) and the other
one benefits.
Tapeworm, athlete’s foot,
fleas, ticks
Does a parasite want to
kill it’s host?
Predator/Prey Relationships
Field Ecology Techniques
Different techniques are
used to determine
species diversity in a
given area and over
time.
Fencing to exclude rabbits to measure
seedling recruitment after fire
Field Ecology Techniques
Diver using a quadrant to
measure organisms on
the sea floor.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors


Biotic Factors – Living or once living
components of an ecosystem. (plants and
animals)
Abiotic Factors- Nonliving things which
influence an ecosystem(water, rocks, soil,
sunlight, air, salt, wind)
Carrying Capacity
The number of organisms an ecosystem can
support in a healthy manner.
Limiting factor – Something in the environment
that limits the growth of an organism. Ex:
light might be a limiting factor in the growth
of a plant
Limiting factors influence carrying capacity.
Ex: food availability
competition
harsh winter
Population Growth Graph
5.02 Energy Flow and Cycling
Carbon
Cycle
Food Chains
Linear representation
of the flow of energy
through an ecocsystem.
Food Webs
Many food chains
Interconnected. Each
organism has a
trophic level.
Ex: producer, 1st
order consumer, 2nd
order consumer, etc.
Energy Pyramid

Geometric
representation of a
food pyramid.

Purpose of the
pyramid shape?

Pyramid of Energy
10% Rule only 10% of
the energy from one
trophic level moves up
to the next trophic level.
Where does the energy
go?
Heat, activity, energy still
in urine and feces
Energy Pyramid
Suppose the trees are
providing 10,000
calories to the giraffes.
How much energy will
be passed up to the
lions?
5.03 Human Population
Human Population


What is exponential growth?
What factors have influenced human birth
rates and death rates over time?
Human Population
What effect is population
size having on the food
supply?
On the water supply?
On our natural resources?
Carrying Capacity of Earth
What effect is our
increasing demand for
wood and food doing
to the ecosystem?
Have we reached our
carrying capacity?
Exceeded it?
Clear cut forest in Malaysia
Acid Rain
Acid rain destruction - Central Europe
Habitat Destruction
Loss of Habitat =
Loss of species,
degradation of
the environment.
Clear cutting in Oregon
Non-native Species
Also called exotic species.
Fire ants came to the
U.S. on a container ship
in Mobile, Alabama in
the 1980’s.
Non-Native Species
Kudzu – brought to the
U.S. to control erosion.
The only animal that
will eat it, is the goat.
Why are exotics a
problem?
Climate Change
Greenhouse
Effect, also
called Global
Warming
Climate Change
Causes?
Human: burning fossil
fuels and wood, putting
CO2 and methane into
the atmosphere
Natural: volcanoes
Effects?
 Polar ice caps melting
 Sea level rising
 More frequent and
violent storms
 Tropical diseases
moving into temperate
areas
 Loss of habitat (ex:
coral reefs)
Deforestation
Clear cutting for wood,
agricultural uses,
building roads, housing
developments, mining
Result: loss of habitats,
loss of species, erosion,
siltation of rivers, loss
of buffer zones
Siltation of The Kouiloo River, Congo
Bioaccumulation
The accumulation of a
harmful substance as it
moves through the food
chain.
Ex: DDT (pesticide) and
heavy metals (lead and
mercury)
Stewardship
To take care of the earth in
a healthy way.
Sustainable Development
Is a way of using natural
resources without
depleting them and of
providing for human
needs without causing
long-term
environmental harm.
California Vineyard reducing pesticide use.
Sustainable Development

Offshore aquaculture to
reduce the pressure on
wild fish populations.

Provide energy without
producing pollution.