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PLANT CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS 1. Label the structure of a plant. 2. Functions of plants that are similar to animals: • Exchange gases with their surroundings • Internal transportation to move water and nutrients around within their bodies • Reproduction 3. Complete the chart below. Tissue Type Description Dermal Tissue Outermost covering of the plants organs Protects the inner tissues form damage Controls the exchange of water and gases between the plant and its environment Ground Tissue or Fundamental Tissue Makes up the bulk of plant tissue Various functions Perform photosynthesis Provide support for the plants body Consists of a series of ducts or Vascular Tissue vessels Function Transports water, nutrients and sugars throughout the plant Provides support for the plants body Cells and Tissues 4. What type of cell is responsible for cell growth in plants? • Meristem cells 5. Name the three types of tissues found in plants. • Dermal, ground and vascular tissue 6. Which type of cell is responsible for transporting water and minerals in plants? • Xylem 7. Which type of cell is responsible for transporting sugars in plants? • Phloem 8. Complete the chart below. Plant Systems Description Structure (Organ) Root System Below Ground Roots Anchor plant into soil Absorb and transport water and minerals Stem Supports the leaves and flowers Transport water, minerals and sugars Stores food Leaves Produce food via photosynthesis Transpiration Flowers Reproductive organ; produces seeds Shoot System Above Ground Primary Functions 9. Figure 3 10. Is there any type of tissue that is absent from any part of the plant? Explain. • No, because the plant is interconnected. Materials needed in the leaves may enter at the roots etc. 11. Explain the difference between the epidermal and peridermal tissue. • Epidermal thin layer of cells that covers the surfaces of leaves, stems and roots • Peridermal in woody plants; is epidermal tissue that forms bark on stems and large roots 12. List and explain 3 specialized functions of the epidermal tissue system. • Root hairs help absorb water and minerals • Wax called cuticle; waterproofing • Chemical irritants hair like structure; for defense 13. What is the role of the plants vascular tissue system? • Transportation system that moves water, minerals, and other chemicals around the plant 14. Where does the vascular tissue system extend in a plant? • From roots to leaves 15. What happens to a plant’s vascular system as it grows? • New vascular tissues differentiate in the growing tips of the plant 16. What would you compare a plants’ vascular tissue to in a human? Explain. • Similar to veins and arteries which transport water, and dissolved substances all throughout the body. 17. Types of Vascular Tissue. Complete the following table: Description Xylem Phloe m elongated cells, hollow tubes, with rigid walls, no cytoplasm, nucleus or other organelles elongated cells, are alive when mature and functioning Function transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves and stems of plant transports food materials and hormones throughout the plant 18. Label the epidermis, phloem, and xylem in the diagram below. epidermis phloem xylem 19. Explain why it is important for plant leaves to be waterproof. • Water is important to a plant; therefore is waterproof to keep as much water as possible. 20. Explain why the movement of water and minerals in xylem is always upward. • Since materials are dissolved through the roots, water must move upward to deliver these dissolved substances to the stem and leaves. Structure Cuticle Epidermis Guard Cells The Leaf Description Function Waxy, non-cellular, waterproof coating produced by epidermis Prevents water loss by evaporation One cell thick Outermost layer of leaf Protects inner cells Specialized epidermal cells which open and close stomata Control gas exchange through stoma Allow CO2 into plant Allow O2 and H2O(g) out Palisade Layer Layer of densely-packed, column-shaped mesophyll cells Site of gas exchange Spongy Layer Layer of loosely-spaced mesophyll cells Site of gas exchange Vascular bundles containing: (1) Xylem (2) Phloem Xylem – transports water and minerals Phloem – transports sugars Veins The Leaf • Photosynthesis – the process by which carbon dioxide enters the leaves of plants and reacts with water in the presence of sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen • Word Equation: carbon dioxide + water + light energy glucose + oxygen • Chemical Equation: energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light Lilac Leaf a) Label the cross section of the lilac leaf using the words below. Cuticle Palisade layer Epidermis Vascular bundle Mesophyll tissue Xylem Spongy layer Phloem Stoma Guard cells cuticle epidermis palisade layer vascular bundle mesophyll tissue spongy layer stoma guard cells Leaf b) On which part of the leaf do you observe the most stomata? • The stomata can be observed on the bottom, or lower side, of a leaf c) Explain how the arrangement of cells in the leaf contributes to the efficiency of photosynthesis. • The leaf itself maximizes the process by having a broad and flat surface • Cells are arranged in both horizontal and vertical orientations to ensure any penetrating energy is absorbed • To maximize surface area and number of cells, palisade cells are thin and long while mesophyll cells are small in diameter • The cells are packed with chloroplasts that also increase surface area for photosynthesis. Leaf 2. Which organelle is required for photosynthesis to take place? • Chloroplast 3. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? • Sunlight, water, carbon dioxide 4. What are the products of photosynthesis? • Glucose, oxygen 5. How do the stomata or stomates (singular stoma) open and close? • The guard cells fill with water pushing the stomata open and close when water is lost from the leaf. 6. Define transpiration. • Transpiration – the evaporation of water from leaves. The Stem The Stem 1. What are the two primary functions of the stem? • Physical support • Transportation of water, nutrients and sugars 2. Label the diagram of the vascular bundle. phloem xylem The Stem 3. Which vascular tissue is located closer to the epidermis? • Phloem 4. Describe the structure of xylem cells. • Xylem cells are long, straw-like tubes or vessels that are dead at maturity • They have thick cell walls, forming long fibrous pipes through which water can flow • The xylem cells are fortified with a hard substance called lignin which makes them strong, helping keep the plant upright. 5. Describe the structure of phloem cells. • Phloem cells are made of vertically stacked tubes • Cell walls are porous, which allows material to be exchanged between the phloem and neighboring cells. Root The Root 1. What are the two primary functions of roots? • Anchor plant to the ground • Take up water and minerals from the soil 2. What is the role of the endodermis? • The endodermis helps control the transport of water and minerals between the cortex and vascular tissues. 3. What can the cortex cells of the root be used to store? • Starch The Root 4. Describe the path of water absorption into the roots of a plant, starting from the soil. • Soil Root hairs (epidermal cells) cortex endodermis pericycle xylem 5. Describe the difference between a taproot and a fibrous root. Provide an example for each. Taproot – one main root that grows larger and thicker than the rest; allows the plant to reach far underground for water Eg. dandelion • Fibrous roots – branched roots that are all about the same size; spread out horizontally near the surface of the soil Eg. Yarrow 6. Name one advantage that fibrous roots have over tap roots. • Fibrous roots provide the plant with a large surface area over which water can be taken up. • Fibrous roots also stabilize the soil and help prevent erosion and landslides. • The Flower 1. What is the main function of the flower? • Reproduction 3. a) What do you call the male part of the flower? • Stamen b) What do you call the female part of the flower? • Carpel/ pistil The Flower 4. Complete the following chart. STRUCTURE Anther Filament Stigma FUNCTION The pollen bearing portion of a stamen The stalk of the stamen which bears the anther. Often sticky top of carpel, serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains. Style The stalk of a carpel, between the stigma and the ovary, through which the pollen tube grows. Ovary Enlarged base of the carpel containing the ovule or ovules. The ovary matures to become a fruit. Sepal Leaf-like structures at flower base, protects young flower bud