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Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________ MODIFIED BIOLOGY – EVOLUTION TEST REVIEW PACKET 1. Define natural selection AND list the parts of the theory of natural selection. N.S. is the process where traits that improve fitness increase in a population over time. 1. Over-reproduction, 2. Struggle for survival, 3. Variation exists in individuals, 4. N.S. is always occurring. 2. What is the difference between a law and a theory? Give an example of each. Law: Observations lead to a mathematical model that is always correct under specific circumstances. Theory: An explanation of an event or series of events based on substantial experimental evidence. Both may be revised or shown to be wrong and both are based on observations. Cell Theory/ Law of Gravity 3. The physical and behavioral traits that enable organisms to survive are called ____adaptations________. 4. ________fitness___________ is the ability to survive, reproduce, and pass on your genes. 5. Define fossils. Preserved remains of extinct organisms. Found in sedimentary rock __A__6. Noticing that the ear structure of an ancient wolf is similar to the ear of a whale is an example of A. homologous structures B. vestigial organs C. comparative DNA 7. Give 3 examples of vestigial structures in humans. Wisdom teeth; appendix; tail bone; body hair 8. According to Darwin, evolution occurs by ________Natural Selection______. 9. Define variation. Differences in traits between individuals. Maybe physical, behavioral, or chemical. 10. List the 3 parts of Lamarck’s theory. 1. Organisms have a desire to change; 2. Traits develop due to want, need or use; 3. Traits may then be passed onto offspring. Evaluate the following statements and decide if they describe Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution or Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of evolution. Place a D on the line if it is a Darwinian statement, and an L on the line if it is Lamarckian. _D__11. A population of rabbits may include some with short, medium and long ears due to variation. _L__12. Flightless insects know that flying would be an advantage to escaping predators and gathering food. Therefore, they want to develop wings to help them fly. __D_13. Flowers in a field compete with each other for sunshine. The tallest flowers will receive the most sunshine and will be able to photosynthesize better and grow, whereas the shorter flowers will receive less sunshine and will remain smaller. _L_14. A population of tigers runs around the grassland for 5 years hunting gazelles. Their legs develop large muscles during these five years. All of their cubs have equally strong muscles/large legs as a result. Use the word bank to complete the fill-ins below. BEAGLE LAW ARTIFICIAL AZORES TERRIER THEORY LAMARCK ADAPTATION SPECIES DARWIN NATURAL FITNESS GENUS WALLACE GALAPAGOS VARIATION ____Species___________15. Interbreeding population of organisms that produces healthy, fertile offspring ______Galapagos_________16. Islands where Darwin did observations _____Variation___________17. Differences amongst members of a population _____Adaptation______18. Inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival _______Wallace_______19. Scientist whose ideas of evolution influenced Darwin GENETIC EVOLUTION ____Beagle__________20. Ship on which Darwin traveled ______Evolution_________21. Change over time _______Natural______22. Type of selection Darwin wrote about, where individuals with greater fitness leave more offspring than those with less fitness. In England, there are many birch trees. Birch trees have white bark. After the Industrial Revolution, the birch trees became covered with soot, making the bark appear dark in color. In non-industrial areas, the birch trees remained white. There is a species of moths that live on these birch trees. There are light colored moths and dark colored moths. Birds eat the moths. Look at the following chart and use it to answer the questions that follow. DISTANCE TO INDUSTRIAL AREA 1 km 100 km 500 km NUMBER OF DARK MOTHS 59,274 33,965 1,502 NUMBER OF LIGHT MOTHS 2,678 35,567 65,978 23) What color are the trees closest to the industrial area? ___Dark______ 24) What color is the majority of moths closer to the industrial area? _Dark___ 25) What color are the trees farthest from the industrial area? ___Light_____ 26) What color moths do you think the birds eat the most of farthest from the industrial area? ___Dark_____ 27) How does the environment (nature) determine which moths will live or die? In a darker environment the dark moths blend in and have a better chance of survival. In a lighter environment, the trees without soot, the dark moths will stick out and have a lower chance of survival. Experimental Analysis: Analyze the following experimental results and relate them to natural selection. Problem: Does the length of a giraffe’s neck affect their reproductive rates? Hypothesis: If a giraffe has a longer neck, then they will produce more offspring, because a longer neck allows them to get more food in their environment and survive longer. Experiment: Two large artificial environments were created for giraffes. Both environments tried to simulate nature. Each was kept at 35oC and contained grass (habitat), and 10 trees (food supply). Two hundred giraffes were collected. Half of the girafess (100) had necks shorter than 2 feet and the other half (100) had necks longer than 2 feet. The short neck giraffes were placed in one environment and the long neck giraffes were placed in the other environment. Both groups were allowed to interact and reproduce for 6 years. The number of offspring were counted every year and the results were made into the chart below. Results: NUMBER OF OFFSPRING FOR DIFFERENT GIRAFFES PRODUCED OVER A 6 YEAR PERIOD Short neck giraffes Long neck giraffes Year #1 0 Year #2 7 Year #3 10 Year #4 16 Year #5 19 Year #6 25 0 10 22 28 31 40 28) Write a conclusion based on the results above. HINT: Refer back to and restate the hypothesis, and be sure to use data to support your conclusion! Based on the hypothesis that longer necked giraffes will produce more offspring than shorter-necked giraffes, the data shows that longer-necked giraffes do, in fact, leave more offspring than shorter-necked giraffes. 29) Which giraffe, the short-neck or the long-neck, is best fit for this environment? ___Long neck___ 30) Explain your response to question #2 in terms of natural selection. Fitness is the ability to survive and reproduce. Those that are best fit will have higher reproductive rates, hence, longer-necked giraffes are better fit.