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Transcript
Evolution – change in gene frequency in a population over time (through natural selection) Natural selection Variation among offspring Too many offspring CHANGES IN Competition ENVIRONMENT for resources different rates of survival and reproduction Pepper moths Light trees – light moths most common After industrial revolution Dark trees – dark moths most common 1990’s factories shut down Light trees – return to light moths common Species – type of organism that can only mate with similar organisms to make viable fertile offspring (AP book 474-5) - Prezygotic barrier Geographic isolation Temporal (time) isolation Behavioral isolation -Postzygotic barrier Reduced hybrid viability Fertility Breakdown Sympatric speciation (shared space) In same place – behavioral isolation Temporal isolation (season, time of day) Allopatric speciation Geographic speciation – separated by physical barrier Small populations Genetic drift – gene frequency changes faster by random chance Examples: Founder effect – small #s’ found a new population Bottleneck effect – decrease in genes due to natural disaster Cladogram – branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships, where more close together = more recent Molecular clock – unique mutations occur at fixed intervals (time), therefore can be used to calculate rate of evolution