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THE EARTH´S SURFACE
THE EARTH´S SURFACE IS MADE UP OF WATER AND LAND
ARE BODIES OF
SALTWATER
THAT COVER
71% OF THE
EARTH´S
SURFACE
THERE IS
SUBMERGED
LAND BENEATH
THE OCEANS
ARE LARGE AREAS
OF LAND THAT
COVER 29% OF THE
EARTH´S SURFACE
WE CLASSIFY MATERIAL THAT MAKES UP THE EARTH´S
SURFACE IN DIFFERENT ZONES
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
IS THE SOLID,
ROCKY
COVERING OF
THE EARTH´S
SURFACE
IS ALL THE WATER
ON EARTH,
INCLUDING OCEANS,
SEAS, LAKES,
RIVERES AND
UNDERGROUND
WATER
IS A LAYER OF
GASES, INCLUDING
NITROGEN AND
OXYGEN, THAT
SURROUNDS THE
EARTH
IS THE THIN
LAYER OF
ATMOSPHERE,
EARTH AND
WATER WHERE
LIFE EXISTS
OCEANS AND CONTINENTS
THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY
IS THE STUDY OF ALL THE MATERIALS THAT MAKE UP THE
SOLID PART OF THE EARTH
GEOLOGISTS EXAMINE ROCKS TO FIND EVIDENCE
OF ALL THE CHANGES THAT HAVE OCCURRED
BOTH ROCKS AND FOSSILS
ARE FOUND IN LAYERS
CALLED STRATA. THESE
ARE FORMED OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS,
WHICH GRADUALLY
ACCUMULATE AT THE
EARTH´S SURFACE
THE OLDEST
MATERIALS ARE FOUND
IN THE LOWEST STRATA
6 minutes video about the
science of Geology
THE EARTH IS
MADE UP OF 3
MAIN LAYERS:
– CORE
– MANTLE
– CRUST
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
Crust
THE CRUST
This is where we live!
The Earth’s crust is made of
CONTINENTAL
CRUST
OCEANIC CRUST
• thick (10-70km)
• thin (~7 km)
•buoyant (less
dense than
oceanic crust)
• dense (sinks
under continental
crust)
• mostly old
• young
IF YOU LOOK AT A MAP OF THE WORLD, YOU MAY NOTICE THAT
SOME OF THE CONTINENTS COULD FIT TOGETHER LIKE PIECES OF
A PUZZLE.
THE SINGLE SUPERCONTINENT
THAT SCIENTISTS CALL PANGEA
EXISTED ABOUT 200 MILLION
YEARS AGO
THIS THEORY IS CALLED
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
THE EARTH´S CRUST IS MADE
UP OF TECTONIC PLATES THAT
MOVE CONTINOUSLY
THERE ARE SEVEN OR EIGHT
MAJOR PLATES AND SEVERAL
OTHER MINOR ONES
THESE PLATES SLIDE AGAINST
EACH OTHER OR MOVE APART
OVER TIME, IT BROKE UP
INTO SEPARATE
CONTINENTS THAT
GRADUALLY MOVED APART
THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN
THE PLATES ARE VERY
UNSTABLE. WHEN PRESSURE
BUILDS UP UNDER THE
EARTH´S SURFACE IT CAUSES
EARTHQUAKES AND
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
ALONG THESE BOUNDARIES
Interesting video (5:17) about
tectonic plates
3:19 m long video about the
continental drift. Music ,
images and texts
RELIEF FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION
RELIEF IS THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH´S SURFACE. IT IS THE RESULT OF INTERNAL FORCES
THAT FORM IT AND EXTERNAL FORCES THAT TRANSFORM IT
RELIEF FORMATION
RELIEF TRANSFORMATION
INTERNAL FORCES
EXTERNAL FORCES
OROGENY
ATMOSPHERE
EARTHQUAKES
WATER
VOLCANOES
LIVING THINGS
INTERNAL FORCES
OROGENY
• It is the process through which mountains
are formed. It happens where tectonic
plates are formed.
EARTHQUAKES
• They are caused by violent movements of
the terrestrial crust.
VOLCANOES
• They are cracks in the crust that expel
magma, ashes, rocks and toxic gases.
OROGENY: PRESSURES ON THE EARTH´S SURFACE
THERE ARE CONTINUAL PRESSURES ON THE EARTH´S SURFACE NEAR THE
BOUNDERIES OF TECTONIC PLATES. FOLDS AND FAULSTS ARE CREATED AS A
RESULT OF THESE PRESSURES
FOLDS
FOLDS ARE
DEFORMATIONS OF
THE EARTH´S
SURFACE WHERE
ROCK LAYERS BEND
FAULTS
FAULTS ARE BREAKS
IN ROCK LAYERS
WHERE THE ROCK
IS TOO HARD TO
BEND
EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES ARE CAUSED WHEN THE EARTH´S CRUST IS SHAKEN
EARTHQUAKES GENERALLY OCCUR ALONG THE BOUNDARIES OF
TECTONIC PLATES, WHERE THE PLATES SLIDE AGAINST EACH
OTHER.
ACTIVITIES
WHAT IS THE FOCUS OR
HYPOCENTRE OF AN
EARTHQUAKE? WHAT IS
THE EPICENTRE?
THE EPICENTRE IS THE
POINT ON THE
EARTH´S SURFACE
THAT IS DIRECTLY
ABOVE THE FOCUS.
THIS IS WHERE THE
EARTHQUAKE IS AT
ITS STRONGEST
VOLCANOES
A VOLCANO IS A CRACK IN THE EARTH´S CRUST
HOT LIQUID ROCK, CALLED MAGMA, RISES TO THE SURFACE WHEN
IT ERUPTS. ROCKS, ASH AND GASES ARE EJECTED THROUGH ITS
MAIN CHANNEL, OR VENT, AND MATERIAL IS DEPOSITED ALL
AROUND THE CRATER
ACTIVITIES
1. COPY THE DIAGRAM OF
THE VOLCANO THAT IS IN
YOUR BOOK (28)
2. WHAT IS THE RICHTER
SCALE? WHAT DO THE
DIFFERENT NUMBERS ON
THE SCALE MEAN?
EXTERNAL AGENTS OF RELIEF
ATMOSPHERE
• Changes in temperature and the wind
erode, transport and deposit materials.
WATER
• Water dissolves some elements in the rocks
and acts as a transporter.
LIVING THINGS
• Plants and animals transform the relief
through their activities. Human beings
make the fastest and most severe impact
through activities such as building, mining
and farming.
EROSION PROCESS
EROSION
TRANSPORTATION
SEDIMENTATION
OR
OR
OR
DETACHMENT
TRANSLOCATION
DEPOSITION
PROCESS OF EROSION
EROSION
TRANSPORTATION
SEDIMENTATION
WEATHERING
ROCKS ARE EXPOSED TO AIR, WATER CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND VEGETATION, BECOME
VULNERABLE TO WEATHERING. WEATHERING INCLUDES THE BREAKING UP (DISINTEGRATION)
AND DECAY (DECOMPOSITION) OF ROCKS IN PLACES WHERE THEY FORMED. UNLIKE EROSION,
WEATHERING NEED NOT INVOLVE THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL
THERE ARE THREE MAIN TYPES
PHISICAL
WEATHERING
It is when rock is broken into
smollar pieces by phisical
processes. It is most likely to
occur in areas of bare rock
where there is no vegetation
to protect the rock from
extremes of weather:
•Freeze-thaw or frost
shattering
•Exfoliation or onion
weathering.
CHEMICAL
WEATHERING
BIOLOGICAL
WEATHERING
It is when water and air
activate chemical changes
that cause rock to rot and
decay. Chemical reactions are
greatt where the climate is
very warm and wet.
Limestone solution is an
example of chemical
weathering.
It occurs when either tree
roots penetrate and
widen cracks in a rock
(phisical) or acids,
released by decaying
vegetation, attack the
rock (chemical).
PHISICAL WEATHERING
FREEZE-THAW OR
FROST SHATTERING
IS COMMON WHEN TEMPERATURE IS
AROUND FREEZING POINT AND WHERE
EXPOSED ROCKS CONTAINS MANY
CRACKS . WATER, ENTERING CRACKS
DURING THE DAY, FREEZES DURING
COLDER NIGHTS. AS THE WATER TURNS
TO ICE IT EXPANDS AND, DUE TO THE
ICREASE IN PRESSURE, CAUSES CRACKS
TO WIDEN. WHEN THE TEMPERATURE
RISES, THE ICE MELTS AND PRESSURE IS
RELEASED. THIS REPEATED PROCESS
WEAKENS THE ROCK UNTIL PIECES
BREAK OFF..
EXFOLIATION OR ONION
WEATHERING
OCCURS IN VERY WARM CLIMATES
WHERE EXPOSED ROCK IS
REPEATEDLY HEATED AND COOLED.
DURING THE DAY, THE SURFACE
LAYERS OF ROCK ARE HEATED AND
EXPAND. AT NIGHT, THEY COOL AND
CONTRACT. IN TIME THIS CAUSES THE
OUTER LAYERS TO PEEL OFF, LIKE
THOSE OF AN ONION, TO LEAVE
STEEP-SIDED, ROUNDED HILLS AND
BOULDERS.
THE EARTH´S RELIEF
OCEANIC
CONTINENTAL
SIMPLE
LANDFORMS ON
THE
CONTINENTAL
RELIEF
LANDFORMS
OF COASTAL
RELIEF
LARGE RELIEF
FORMS
• The continental Shelf
• The continental slope
• Abyssal plains:
• Plains
• Plateaus
•Mountains
•Depressions
• The Shields
- Sedimentary
basins
• Young
mountains
• Capes or
headlands
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-Oceanic ridges
-Oceanic Trenches
Gulfs or bays
Peninsulas
Estuaries
Deltas
Isthmus
Fjords
Islands
Archipelagos
Beaches
Cliffs
Pages 26-27
CONTINENTAL RELIEF
SIMPLE LANDFORMS ON THE CONTINENTAL RELIEF
PLAINS
LARGE AREAS OF
FLAT TERRAIN
PLATEAUS
PLAINS HIGHER
THAN 200 METERS
ABOVE SEA LEVEL
MOUNTAINS
ELEVATIONS OF
TERRAIN ABOVE THE
SURROUNDING LAND
WITH STEEP SLOPES
DEPRESSIONS
SUNKEN OR DEPRESSED
AREAS BELOW THE
SURROUNDING AREAS
CONTINENTAL RELIEF
LARGE RELIEF FORMS
THE SHIELDS
The oldest parts of
continents.
SEDIMENTARY BASINS
Large depressed
areas that we find in
the shields.
YOUNG MOUNTAINS
Steep, younger
mountains at high
altitudes
LANDFORMS OF COASTAL RELIEF
CAPE OR HEADLAND
PENINSULA
LANDFORMS OF COASTAL RELIEF
ESTUARY
DELTA
ISLAND
ARCHIPELAGO
LANDFORMS OF COASTAL RELIEF
FJORD
BEACH
RIA
CLIFF
BAY
CCAPE
ISLAND
PENINSULA
GULF
“CALA”
STRAIT
BEACH
POINT
CLIFF
ARCHIPELAGO
ISTHMUS
YOUNG
MOUNTAIN
BASIN OR
DEPRESSION
BEACH
OLD
MOUNTAIN
CAPE
GULF
CLIFF
RIA
BAY
LAGOON
ITHSMUS
DELTA
ARCHIPELAGO
PENINSULA
OCEANIC LANDFORMS
OCEANIC LANDFORMS
CONTINENTAL
PLATFORM OR SHELF
CONTINENTAL
SLOPE
ISLANDS OF
VOLCANIC ORIGIN
OCEANIC
RIDGE
ABYSSAL
PLAIN
RIFT
OCEANIC
TRENCH