Download UNIT 10 TEXT WS: “Organic Chemistry”

UNIT 10 TEXT PACKET: “Organic Chemistry”
Honors Chemistry –Mr. Holmes

Name_________________________
Use textbook chapters 20-21 to research the following topics to generate notes and learn about the
fundamentals of organic chemistry:
I. The Element Carbon:
What is catenation?
Based on the fact that Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons and they can not form an expanded octet, what
combinations of single, double and triple bonds can Carbon atoms form when making organic molecules?
Provide examples for each:
Combination 1
Combination 2
Combination 3
Combination 4
II. Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes:
What types of bonds are present in each of these classes of organic compounds? What ratio of bonded
carbon and hydrogen atoms do simple examples of each of these follow?
Types of Bonds
Alkanes:
Alkenes:
Alkynes:
What do the terms saturated and unsaturated mean?
General Formula
Example
III. Organic Isomers:
What are structural isomers? What are the two structural isomers of butane?
How are isomers and molecular size / mass related? Explain:
What are geometric isomers? Use an example to point out what the prefixes cis- and trans- indicate?
IV. Nomenclature and Structural Formulas:

Naming organic compounds always starts with identifying the longest consecutive chain of carbon
atoms. This chain is called the parent chain or the base chain. After that, it is all about specifically
indicating the types of bonds and the extra attachments found within / on the parent chain! It can get
confusing with large molecules, but we’ll keep it simple in our studies. Use Pg. 914 – 921 as a guide
to name and/or draw the following molecules:
ALKANES
Name
Draw
ALKENES
Name
Draw
ALKYNES
Name
Draw
V. Ring Structures:
Carbon can easily bond to itself to form cyclical structures. When these structures contain all single bonds,
they are referred to as cycloalkanes. However, it is common for carbon-based ring structures to have
combinations of single and double bonds. One of the most famous and common organic ring structures is
benzene:
What is the chemical formula of benzene?
Explain why the structure of benzene can be accurately drawn in 3 ways:
What is benzene referred to as when it is bonded as an attachment to a larger carbon based structure?
What do the prefixes ortho-, meta- and para- indicate in a substituted ring structure?
VI. Organic Reaction Types:
Simple organic reaction types often follow a format that is predictable and easy to follow. Research the
following organic reaction types and provide a short description of the change that takes place using an
example in the space provided:
Substitution:
Addition:
Hydrogenation:
What happens when alcohols are combined with strong, concentrated acid solutions?
What happens when alcohols and carboxylic acids are combined?
VII. Common Functional Groups
Functional Group
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Ethers
Amines
Properties and Behavior
Classic Examples
FUNCTIONAL GROUP IDENTIFCATION

Match up each structure below with its function group and chemical name:
Structure
Functional Group
Name
VIII. Polymers
What are polymers?
Why does the polymer Kevlar have such strong properties? Explain using the structure of Kevlar:
IV. Organic Compounds in Biochemistry
What is a Fatty Acid?
What do the terms monounsaturated and polyunsaturated mean?
What functional group is present in triglyceride fats and oils?
Describe the molecular structure that defines all steroids?
What are carbohydrates? What functional groups are present in carbohydrate molecules?
What functional groups are found in amino acids? What are peptides?