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Test Review The Age of Exploration Spain and Portugal began early voyages of exploration in the 15th century o Both located on the Iberian Peninsula with access to the Atlantic Ocean and close to Africa They wanted new trades routes to East Asia to avoid Muslim traders in the Middle East and high prices charged by middlemen in the Italian city-states for Asian spices o Ottoman conquest of Byzantine disrupted trade routes New technology: the astrolabe, new ships and navigational tools made exploration possible Famous Explorers Bartholomeu Diaz (Portugal) : sailed to the Cape of Good Hope (Southern tip of Africa) Vasco da Gama (Portugal): first European to sail around Africa to India Magellan (Spain): circumnavigated the globe Christopher Columbus (Spain): discovered the Americas It is important to note that Chinese explorer Zheng He was making voyages of exploration long before the Europeans European Imperialism in Asia In the 1500’s and 1600’s control of the Strait of Malacca determined who traded in the Spice Islands Portuguese actions created resentment among many in Asia and the Dutch took control of the spice trade between Asia and Europe The Chinese and Japanese sought to limit their contact with Europeans Maya, Aztec, Inca All had complex civilizations before the arrival of the Europeans They all made achievements in arts, architecture, sciences, math and astronomy They all adapted to their geography to develop complex cultures o Examples: Maya slash and burn agriculture, Aztec Chinampas (floating gardens), and Inca terrace farming The Inca lived in the Andes Mountains o They made extensive systems of roads Maya: achievements in math and Astronomy: concept of zero; Step Pyramids Geography and cultural traditions of Africa Natural barriers limited movement (Sahara Desert, interior plateau) Irregular coastline provided few natural harbors Animism was a common form of religion Extended families and village governments were important Bantu Migration Africa: 500 BCE to 1500 CE African people whowere nomadic farmers and herders Larger populations caused people to move frequently Spread their culture, ideas & traditions throughout all of Southern Africa (cultural diffusion) African Trading Kingdoms Ghana, Mali and Songhai o Most important was Mali Mansa Musa: king of Mali, golden age o Took pilgrimage to Mecca and spread Islam Ghana, Mali & Songhai traded gold & salt over the Tran-Saharan trade route into Middle East Chief trading city: Timbuktu Spanish Conquests “The Encounter” Columbus lands in the Caribbean in Oct. 1492 Spain & Portugal were the first two countries to colonize the Americas colonization was an early form of imperialism The Conquistadors Conquistadors or Spanish conquerors, traveled to the New World looking for god, gold and glory The conquistadors had superior weapons and skills that made conquest easy Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Bartolome de Las Casas defended the Indians and wanted to spread Christianity A result of the encounter, the Europeans brought diseases and killed millions of Natives Encomienda System Started in the 1500’s, during the Age of Exploration Europeans believe they were superior The Europeans demanded tribute and labor from the Natives Large death of Native Americans and reports by Bartolome de la Casas of Spanish atrocities against Native Americans led the Spanish to look towards Africa for slaves New Social Classes Peninsulares: born in Spain. Jobs in gov’t and Church Creoles: American born Spanish. Owned ranches, plantations and mines. Mestizos: Natives and European descent Mulattoes: African and European descent. Native Americans and Africans were at the bottom The Atlantic Slave Trade Developed out of need for labor to work on large plantations in the Americas Spain and Portugal needed many labors to work on sugar cane plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil Europeans traded guns and other trade goods with African rulers for slaves The Middle Passage refers to the journey from Africa to the Americas under terrible conditions experienced by Africans Triangular trade refers to trade between the Americas, Europe, and Africa The slave traded seriously disrupted W. African societies Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange started worldwide cultural exchange and diffusion The transfer of foods, plants, and animals between Europe, the Americas and Africa This increased the economic system mercantilism and the slave trade Mercantilism Economic system developed in the 1600s Helped by the Commercial Revolution in Europe Sparked the birth of new business and joint-stock companies to invest in exploration to new markets This helped the formation of capitalism European countries: England, France, Spain & Portugal used colonies to gain access to materials and markets and competed for control of territory in the Americas The goal is for the colonies to supply the Mother Country with goods to sell for a profit The Mother country exports more than it imports and creates a favorable balance of trade