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Islam
Chapter 10
Muhammad- about 570 a.d.
• Meditated in a cave
• Angel Gabrielle
appears
• Asks Muhammad to
become a messenger
of God
Allah
• Arabic for God
Hijra/Hegira
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Mecca threatens to kill Muhammad
Muhammad flees to Medina
This is the first year of the Islamic calendar
622 A.D.
????
1390
Medina
• Muhammad converts many people to his new
religion
• Builds an army and defeats Mecca
(Controversial!)
Five Pillars of Islam
• Basic beliefs of the
Islamic religion
Five Pillars of Islam
1. Belief in one god
1. monotheism
Five Pillars of Islam
2. Daily prayer
- in a mosque –
Islamic holy place of
worship
- five times a day
- must face Mecca
Five Pillars of Islam
3. Charity to the poor
Five Pillars of Islam
4. Must visit Mecca once in
your lifetime
- known as the Hajj
- the Kaaba
Read A “Pilgrimage to
Mecca”
Make a list of the
rituals/traditions on the
hajj-
Five Pillars of Islam
5. Fast during Ramadan
- no food from
sunrise to sunset
Hierarchy
• Islam has no
hierarchy
• All believers are
considered equal
Koran / Quran
• Holy book for the Muslims
Sharia
• Body of law based on the Koran
Women
• Women are
considered spiritually
equal to men
• They win more rights
under Muslim rule
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Jihad
Literally- “to
struggle.”
Seen as a Religious
Duty for Muslims
Islam spreads
• Middle East
• Northern Spain
• Into Spain *Battle of
Tours
• Into Byzantine lands
*Crusades
Islam Spreads…why?
• Have Camel cavalry
• Common faith unites
tribes
• Equality
Non-Muslims in Muslim Empire
• Allow other religions
to continue to practice
in Muslim controlled
lands
• What’s this called?
• They have to pay an
extra non-Muslim tax
Caliph
• The successor to
Muhammad
The split
• Muslims disagree on who would be the
Caliph
 Sunni – believe the Caliph should be
elected
 90% of Muslims today are Sunni
 Shiite – believe the Caliph should be a
descendant of Muhammad
Sufi- Whirling Dervishes
Baghdad
• Becomes the capital
city of the Muslim
Empire
Mosques
• Minarets – slender
towers used to call
Muslims to prayer
• Muezzin
Mosques
• No icons allowed in
the mosque
– Decorated with
• Arabesque – intricate
design of curved lines
• Calligraphy – fancy
handwriting
____________
• Time of prosperity
and great
achievements
Muslim Golden Age
• Massive trade occurs
across the Muslim
Empire
Muslim Golden Age
• Pioneer algebra
Muslim Golden Age
• Astronomy
– Calculated the
circumference of the
earth
Translate writings of
Greek philosophers
Muslim Golden Age
• Medicine
– Built hospitals
– Learn to treat
cataracts
– Pharmacists
• Mix sweet syrups and
gums in medicine
– Canon of medicine
• Encyclopedia on
medicine
Muslim Golden Age
• Literature &Tales
– Aladdin and his magic
lamp
– Ali Baba and the Forty
Thieves
Muslim Golden Age
• All boys and girls
receive an elementary
education
– Must be able to read
the Koran
Muslim Golden Age
ART
Use beautiful writing and patterns to
decorate buildings and art
Adapt Byzantine domes and arches
Paint people and animals in
nonreligious art
Crusades
• European Christians
fight Muslims for
control of Jerusalem
and other lands
Spread of ideas
• Warfare!
– Crusades & Battle of Tours
– Muslim ideas spread into Christian lands
Section 4: Muslims in India
Muslim Turks take northern India
• Muslims are led by
Tamerlane
MAIN IDEACULTURAL
DIFFUSION!
There’s a shocker!
Muslim Turks invade northern India
• The Indians are
divided
• Why would some
Indian people like
Islam?
• Who?
• Low caste Indians like
Muslim ideas of
equality
Muslims in India
• The Gupta Empire
falls
• India is broken up into
local kingdoms
Sultan
• A Muslim ruler
Muslim rule
• The Muslims destroy
Hindu and Buddhist
temples
• They impose the nonMuslim tax
Mongols
-Will battle the Muslims in the East
-They take Baghdad and loot it
-Eventually convert to Islam
What religion were the Mongols before they converted?
Empire crumbles
• The Muslim Empire
slowly crumbles after
the fall of Baghdad
• The Empire breaks up
into a number of
Muslim controlled
lands with a Sultan
Babur
• Takes over the rest of
India
• Begins the Mongol
dynasty over all of India:
Called the Mughal dynasty
Mughal- 1526-1857
Mughal is Persian for
Mongol
Akbar the Great
• Babur’s grandson
• Created a strong
central government
• Ended the nonMuslim tax
• Strengthened the
Empire
Shah Jahan
• Akbar’s grandson
• Builds a tomb for his
wife called the Taj
Mahal
– Planned to build
another for himself but
his son overthrew him
and put him in prison
until he died
SIKHISM
“The Age of Gunpowder
Empires”
1450-1650
Mughal Empire in India
Ottoman Empire
Safavid Empire
The Ottoman Empire
• Begun by the Turks
Ottoman Expansion
• Takes over
Constantinople in
1453
– Led by Muhammad II
– Renames it Istanbul
– Becomes the capital of
the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Golden Age
• Ruled over by
Suleiman the
Magnificent
– Strengthened
government
– Improved the system
of law
• Based on the Sharia
Ottoman Social Structure
• Men of the Pen
(scholars)
• Men of the Sword
(warriors)
• Men of Negotiation
(merchants)
• Men of Husbandry
(farmers and artisans)
Christians in the Ottoman Empire
• Christians were
forced to hand over
their youngest sons
• The sons were sent to
military school
– Converted to Islam
– Became the Janizaries
– elite warriors
European domination
• By the 1700s Europe
was advancing in
military, economic
and conquest
• The Ottoman Empire
lagged behind and
would eventually fall
to the Allies during
WWI
What is the point of the editorial cartoon?