Download cellular-respiration-notes-2016

ENERGY OF LIFE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1gEvZzqyxE
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
THE COMPLEX PROCESS BY WHICH FOOD MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN TO RELEASE
ENERGY FOR WORK IS CALLED CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION EQUATION:
6O2
+
C6H12O6
6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY RELEASED (ATP & HEAT)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION
6CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY (SUNLIGHT)
C6H12O6 + 6O2
CELLULAR RESPIRATION TAKES PLACE IN 3 STAGES.
STAGE 1 - GLYCOLYSIS TAKES PLACE IN THE CYTOPLASM AND DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
"GLYCOLYSIS" MEANS "THE SPLITTING OF GLUCOSE". IN A SERIES OF TEN REACTIONS, A
MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE IS SPLIT INTO TWO IDENTICAL SMALLER MOLECULES, EACH
CALLED PYRUVIC ACID OR PYRUVATE.
If NO OXYGEN IS PRESENT…..We will come back to this!
IF OXYGEN (AEROBIC) IS PRESENT THE PYRUVIC ACIDS ENTERS THE KREBS CYCLE
STAGE 2-THE KREBS CYCLE
THE KREBS CYCLE TAKES PLACE IN THE Matrix of the MITOCHONDRION
WHEN PYRUVIC ACID ENTERS THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX, IT REACTS WITH A MOLECULE
CALLED COENZYME A TO FORM ACETYL COENZYME A, ABBREVIATED ACETYL COA.
THE KREBS CYCLE IS A BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY THAT BREAKS DOWN ACETYL COA,
PRODUCING CO2, H+, NADH, FADH2, AND ATP.
IN GLYCOLYSIS ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE PRODUCES TWO PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULES,
WHICH CAN THEN FORM TWO MOLECULES OF ACETYL COA.
ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE CAUSES TWO TURNS OF THE KREBS CYCLE. THE TWO TURNS
PRODUCE 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, AND 4 CO2 MOLECULES. (one CO2 molecule is created during
the initial rearrangement of glucose into pyruvate)
THE CO2 IS A WASTE PRODUCT THAT DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS AND IS GIVEN OFF BY
THE ORGANISM.
The ELECTRON SHUTTLES (NADH, FADH2) FROM THE KREBS CYCLE DRIVE the THIRD STAGE
of Aerobic Respiration – THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN.
Stage 3-THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN.
THE ENERGETIC ELECTRONS IN THE MOLECULES OF NADH AND FADH2 THAT ARE FORMED
DURING THE KREBS CYCLE ARE USED TO MAKE ATP IN A SERIES OF REACTIONS KNOWN AS
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN.
That is Where MOST of the Energy Transfer from Glucose to ATP Actually Occurs Through Aerobic
Respiration a Maximum Yield of 38 ATP Molecules can be PRODUCED.
A. 2 - Glycolysis
B. 2 - Krebs cycle
C. 34 - Electron Transport Chain
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC (PRESENCE OF OXYGEN)
AND ANAEROBIC (ABSENCE OF OXYGEN) RESPIRATION OR FERMENTATION.
AFTER GLYCOLYSIS IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN AVAILABLE ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OR
FERMENTATION TAKES PLACE IN THE CYTOPLASM.
There are TWO TYPES of Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation: LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
AND ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION.
CERTAIN ANIMAL CELLS, INCLUDING OUR MUSCLE CELLS CAN CONVERT PYRUVIC ACID TO
LACTIC ACID.
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION BY MICROORGANISMS (bacteria & fungi) PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL
ROLE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FOOD PRODUCTS SUCH AS YOGURT AND CHEESE.
The sharpness and sour flavor of cheeses is mostly due to lactic acid
DURING EXERCISE, BREATHING CANNOT PROVIDE YOUR BODY WITH ALL THE OXYGEN IT NEEDS FOR AEROBIC
RESPIRATION. WHEN MUSCLES RUN OUT OF OXYGEN, THE CELLS SWITCH TO LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION.
This process provides your muscles with the energy they need during exercise. The side effects of
Lactic Acid Fermentation is Muscle Fatigue, Pain, Cramps, and you feel Soreness.
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION CONVERTS PYRUVIC ACID TO CARBON DIOXIDE AND ETHANOL
(ETHYL ALCOHOL).
Bakers use Alcoholic Fermentation of YEAST to make Bread.
Alcoholic Fermentation is used to make wine, beer, and the ethanol added to gasoline to make gasohol.
ANAEROBIC PATHWAYS ARE NOT VERY EFFICIENT IN TRANSFERRING ENERGY.
ANAEROBIC PATHWAYS PROVIDE ENOUGH ENERGY FOR MANY PRESENT-DAY UNICELLULAR
AND SMALL MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS. ALL OF THEM HAVE LIMITED ENERGY
REQUIREMENTS.
LARGER ORGANISMS HAVE MUCH GREATER ENERGY REQUIREMENTS THAT CANNOT BE
SATISFIED BY ANAEROBIC PATHWAYS.
LARGE ORGANISMS, INCLUDING YOURSELF, MEET THEIR ENERGY REQUIREMENTS WITH THE
MORE EFFICIENT PATHWAYS OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION.
Biology-Exploring Life Online Activity 7.5 A Closer Look
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/bio_animations/MH01_CellularRespiration_Web/index.html
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/intro.html
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
highly detailed tutorial of cell resp.
http://www.schooltube.com/video/22af9fa0535847978a08/
crash course
https://online.science.psu.edu/biol011_sandbox_7239/node/7357
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (a.k.a. ATP)
The "adenosine" part consists of a nitrogen-containing compound called adenine and a five-carbon sugar called
ribose (Figure 7-9). The triphosphate "tail" consists of three phosphate groups. The tail is the "business" end of
ATP—it is the source of energy used for most cellular work.
Figure 7-9
An ATP molecule contains potential energy, much like a compressed spring. When a phosphate
group is pulled away during a chemical reaction, energy is released.
Each phosphate group is negatively charged. Because like charges repel, the crowding of negative charge in the
ATP tail contributes to the potential energy stored in ATP. You can compare this to storing energy by
compressing a spring. The tightly coiled spring has potential energy. When the compressed spring relaxes, its
potential energy is released. The spring's kinetic energy can be used to perform work such as pushing a block
attached to one end of the spring.
The phosphate bonds are symbolized by springs in Figure 7-9. When ATP is involved in a chemical reaction that
breaks one or both of these phosphate bonds, potential energy is released. In most cases of cellular work, only
one phosphate group is lost from ATP. Then the tail of the molecule has only two phosphate groups left. The
resulting molecule is called adenosine diphosphate, or ADP.