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Biology - Biochemistry Why do we study Chemistry in Biology? Figure 2.3 Nitrogen deficiency Figure 2.4 Goiter w Edible salt can be iodized by spraying it with a potassium iodate solution. Two ounces of potassium iodate, costing about USD$1.15, are required to iodise a ton of salt. Salt is an effective vehicle for distributing iodine to the public because it does not spoil and is consumed by everyone in the population, in fairly predictable amounts. Figure 2.6 Using radioactive isotopes to study cell chemistry Figure 2.7 A PET scan, a medical use for radioactive isotopes Figure 2.19 A molecular mimic Figure 2.20 Photosynthesis: a solar-powered rearrangement of matter Figure 5.0 Spider’s web made of protein Figure 2.1 The hierarchy of biological order from atom to organism http://biolo gyinmotion. com/organi zeit/index.htm l pH Review Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds Inorganic vs. Organic • Inorganic – compounds that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen • Organic – compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen Inorganic or Organic? • H2O • NaCl • CH4 • C6H12O6 The Role of Carbon in Organisms • • • Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell This allows carbon to bond with many different atoms So, carbon forms the “backbone” of many life substances! The Role of Carbon in Organisms Bonds show sharing of electrons w The term “organic” refers to molecules containing carbon w Single Bond Double Bond Triple Bond Biochemistry Chemistry) (Carbon w Life chemistry/Organic chemistry w Polymers – long chains of repeating molecules w Monomers (building blocks) – the small molecules that make up polymers Polymers • 4 major groups of biomolecules (organic compounds): • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids MONOSACCHARIDES FATTY ACIDS AMINO ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES Carbohydrates What are the characteristics of a Carbohydrate? • Elements: • C,H,O 2:1 H:O Ratio • monomers (building blocks) • monosaccharides Carbohydrates w 3 groups: • monosaccharides - simple sugars • examples - glucose, fructose, galactose • C6H12O6 • Isomers – have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas • disaccharides - double sugars • examples - sucrose, maltose, lactose • C12H22O11 • polysaccharides - many sugars (chains of glucose) • Complex sugars • examples - starch (plant storage), cellulose (cell wall), and glycogen (animal starch – it is stored in the liver) Glycogen Carbohydrate Functions • • Quick Energy - Glucose POLYSACCHARIDES – • STARCH – energy storage • CELLULOSE – fiber in animal diets and structure in plants – Fiber is also called Roughage!! We can’t digest this, so it helps push our food/feces through our digestive tract! How Glucose (C6H12O6) is used. • • • Produced in Photosynthesis Transferred through Food Chains Broken down in Cellular Respiration Practice Wrap-up • • List the 3 elements that make up all carbohydrates. List the 3 different groups of carbohydrates. Glucose Song Make some carbohydrates using blocks! w Your group needs to make a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide and show Mrs. Cruce! Carbohydrate posters • Get the instructions from Mrs. Cruce! Review Carbohydrates • • • Quickly review mono vs. di vs. poly saccharides!! Go over yesterday’s wrap-up Biomolecules Graphic Organizer Honor’s only – Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis HONORS ONLY: HYDROLYSIS w HYDRO (WATER) APART) LYSIS (BREAK • LARGE MOLECULES ARE BROKEN INTO SMALL MOLECULES • Used in Heterotrophic Nutrition – Digestion! w MALTOSE + WATER ----> GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE Hydrolysis HONORS ONLY – DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS DEHYDRATION (REMOVAL OF WATER) w SYNTHESIS (TO PUT TOGETHER) w • SMALL MOLECULES ARE PUT TOGETHER INTO LARGE MOLECULES • Example – protein synthesis, photosynthesis w GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE ---> MALTOSE + WATER Dehydration Synthesis Honors – Dehydration Synthesis/Hydrolysis Review Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis Animation HONORS ONLY!! Cutout Carbs w w w w w w Draw 3 glucose molecules and cut them out on the solid lines only. Attempt to put them together…do they fit like a puzzle? What should you do to make them fit together? Cut along the dashed lines. Will they now fit? What 2 substances are formed when you make the dashed cuts and put them together? Carb Pre-Lab • • Indicators Chemical Indicators change color in the presence of another chemical • Examples – pH paper, litmus paper, Bromothymol blue, phenolphthalein, cabbage juice, benedict’s solution, iodine • See the next slide for some lab safety tips!! Chemistry Lab Safety • The hot plates are very HOT! • Make sure cords are wrapped around bench leg! • Unplug Hot plates when you are completed! • • • • Please make sure dropper bottle tops are tightened when you are not using them…they spill easily! DO NOT MIX CHEMICALS! Benedict’s will be heated Iodine will NOT be heated Carb Lab set-up – Each group needs: Goggles and lab apron w Hot plate (there are only 6 total) w Test tube rack with 6 test tubes w Iodine, Benedict’s solution, and Water (dropper bottles) w 1 beaker w Test tube clamps w After testing your carbohydrates, please take notes on lipids. Wrap-up • Compare elements, monomers, and groups of carbohydrates vs. lipids. Carbohydrate Smartboard Review Carbohydrate Post-Lab Benedict’s is normally blue, but turns orange, yellow, or green in the presence of monosaccharides. Solutions need to be HEATED with Benedict’s Carbohydrate Post-Lab Iodine is normally yellow/brown, but turns dark purple/black in the presence of starch (polysaccharides)! Solutions do NOT need to Be heated!!! Organic Chemistry Lab – Carbohydrate Tests A and B • Review Part A and Part B Lab Analysis Questions Carb Smartboard Activity Lipids What are the characteristics of a Lipid? LIPIDS • Elements are: • C,H,O – many more hydrogens than oxygens (very little oxygen) • • MONOMERS - FATTY ACIDS COMMON LIPIDS - FATS, OILS, AND WAXES • MOST COMMON TYPE OF LIPID: • TRIGLYCERIDE • (3 FATTY ACIDS + GLYCEROL) • TWO GROUPS OF LIPIDS: • SATURATED, UNSATURATED SATURATED LIPIDS SINGLE BONDS ONLY BETWEEN CARBONS w SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE w CLASSIFIED AS FATS IN ANIMALS w EXAMPLE – CHOLESTEROL, butter, fat in bacon and meat w UNSATURATED LIPIDS DOUBLE BONDS AS WELL AS SINGLE BONDS BETWEEN CARBONS w LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE w CLASSIFIED AS OILS IN PLANTS w FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS INSULATION w PROTECTIVE COATING w LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE w MAKE UP CELL MEMBRANES w Where Lipids are found in cells The membranes around organelles w The cell membrane w Cholesterol – helps maintain the structure of the membrane w Fatty Acid abbreviated structure What do you think the 3 dots in the middle of this formula indicate? It is showing that there are more CH2 molecules attached like you see on the left side of the structure…it is showing repeating units, there just wasn’t enough room for them to put the entire LONG structure. Wrap-up: Compare Carbohydrates and Lipids w Monomers w Elements w Major Groups w Examples Biomolecules Graphic Organizer- Carbs and Lipids w See Next Slide!!! Ch 6 Study Guide Lipid Chemical Test Lipids are transparent on brown paper bags (or paper towels)! Lipid Chemical Tests Lipid Chemical Test Wrap-up • • Which test did you use to test Lipids? What did a positive reaction demonstrate? Proteins and Enzymes What are the characteristics of a Protein? C,H,O,N w MONOMERS - AMINO ACIDS (AA) w • 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS Peptide bonds hold Amino Acids together!! PROTEINS w STRUCTURE OF AN AMINO ACID • • • • • CENTRAL CARBON R GROUP (CHANGES FROM AA TO AA) CARBOXYL GROUP - COOH AMINO GROUP - NH2 HYDROGEN ATOM w Functions of Proteins • structure, support, transport, and speeding up chemical reactions COMMON PROTEINS SKIN w HAIR w SPIDER WEBS w HEMOGLOBIN w INSULIN w MALTASE w ALBUMIN w MEAT w enzymes w Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged How proteins are used Insulin – lowers your blood sugar w Hemoglobin – found in blood - carries oxygen w Enzymes – help with all chemical processes in cells. w Review How can you differentiate between an organic and inorganic compound? w How are monomers related to polymers? w What are the elements that make up both carbohydrates and lipids? w What about proteins? w What are the monomers of carbohydrates? w What are the monomers of lipids? w What are the monomers of proteins? w Protein Biuret Test ENZYMES - MOST IMPORTANT PROTEINS!!! w w w w w LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY (the energy required to start a chemical reaction) ORGANIC CATALYSTS (speed up reactions) ARE CONSTANTLY REUSED DENATURATION - WHEN AN ENZYME BREAKS DOWN DUE TO: PH, TEMPERATURE, ETC. (the enzyme changes shape) RATES OF ENZYMES CAN BE AFFECTED BY PH, TEMP, ENZYME CONCENTRATION, SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION. Enzyme Animation – this is good! PH SCALE A MEASURE OF THE H+ CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION (acid/base) w EXCESS HYDROGEN IONS (H+) ACIDS w • ACID EXAMPLE- HCl (HYDROCHLORIC ACID) w EXCESS HYDROXIDE IONS (OH-) BASES • BASE EXAMPLE - NaOH (SODIUM HYDROXIDE) PH SCALE - 0-14 ACIDIC – below 7 w NEUTRAL - 7 w BASIC – above 7 w w LITMUS PAPER • RED/PINK - ACID • BLUE - BASE Buffers Found in most biological fluids, such as blood w Add H+ or OH- to the solution so the pH will remain neutral w Minimize changes in pH w Honor’s w Enzyme Foldable Instructions! Denaturation Video Clip – click on the black box! ENZYMES OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE - IDEAL TEMPERATURE w SUBSTRATE - MOLECULE THAT AN ENZYME AFFECTS w Active Site – the place on an enzyme where w the substrate attaches to it ENZYMES w CHEMICALLY SPECIFIC – only join with certain substrates because of shape • • • • w LIPASE PROTEASE MALTASE SUCRASE ENZYMES CAN BREAK APART MOLECULES OR PUT THEM TOGETHER!! Interpret this graph and answer question #2 Now Interpret this graph and answer question #3 What would happen to the activity of this enzyme? When would it denature? What would happen to the activity of this enzyme? Does it denature in any of these pH solutions? Would adding more substrate increase the rate of the reaction once the enzyme reaches the point of saturation? What are the characteristics of an Enzyme? True or False: w Enzymes are carbohydrates. w Enzymes speed up chemical reactions w Enzymes have the elements C, H, O, N w The monomers of enzymes are fatty acids w Denaturation is taking the nature out of an area. w A substrate is a type of enzyme. w Cool Digestion Video Clip Wrap-up w Compare elements and monomers of proteins and nucleic acids. Take Ch 6 Voc Quiz w Do protein chemical test w Take notes on Nucleic Acids w Work on Protein and Nucleic Acid Posters w Protein Chemical Tests Review Enzymes!!! w See the next couple of slides!! Enzymes – SmartBoard Nucleic Acids NUCLEIC ACIDS C,H,O,N,P w MONOMERS - NUCLEOTIDES w 3 EXAMPLES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS: w • DNA - GENETIC CODE • RNA - INVOLVED IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • ATP - HIGH ENERGY MOLECULE WHICH IS MADE IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION Nucleic Acids are used: w DNA and RNA used to make Proteins!!! • DNA - In cell nucleus • RNA – travel from nucleus to ribosome (messenger), make up ribsome (ribosomal), free floating in cytoplasm (transfer) w For energy = ATP Figure 16.3 The structure of a DNA strand Nucleotide Structure: • House • Pool • Garage Ch 6 Study Guide Honor’s - Chemistry Warm-up Please summarize this unit – think of a word that we studied that begins with these letters!! w w w w w w w w w C H E M I S T R Y Enzyme Catalase Lab Review • • • • • After the test, please complete your analysis questions if you did not complete them…get a green lab sheet from my front desk! What was the purpose of this lab (what did it teach you)? What were some things that caused the catalase to denature? Which was the enzyme in this experiment? Which was the substrate? Please staple your Biochemistry Posters together!! w Then, turn them in! Chemistry Jeopardy I have uploaded this to Edmodo!! w It is a great resource for you to study for your test… w • You also need to study your biomolecules graphic organizer!!! • You also need to study your notes!!! The Tree of Life Activity Ticket Out the Door E wN wZ wY wM wE wS w Warm-up – What are the characteristics of an enzyme? w Try to come up with words associated with chemistry or enzymes using these letters!!! w w w w w w w E N Z Y M E S What are the characteristics of a Nucleic Acid? N wU wC wL wE wI wC w A C I D Warm-up What are the 3 types of Nucleic Acids and what are their functions? w How are acids different from bases? w Where would you find more hydrogen ions (acid or base)? w Where would you find more hydroxide ions (acid or base)? w Review w w w w w w List the 4 groups of biomolecules. List the 3 groups of carbohydrates. List the 2 groups of lipids. Which is the most important group of proteins? List the 3 types of Nucleic Acids. Please make sure you look over the Biochemistry Graphic Organizer for your Chemistry Test!!! Chemistry Crossword Puzzle w http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/activiti es/bdol/bdolxwords/BDOLXWCH06.HTM L?iRef=6&iChapter=6&book=bio2000 Chemistry Warm-up #4 Ban Dihydrogen Monoxide w Read the article “Ban Dihydrogen Monoxide.” Can you guess what this compound is? • If you know, please don’t tell anyone…make them figure it out!! Hyponatremia Video Honor’s – “Supersize me” Video clip – click the black box