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JULIUS CAESAR
VENI, VIDI, VINCIT
I CAME, I SAW, I CONQUERED
EARLY LIFE
Gāius Jūlius Caesar was born on July 12 or July 13, __________BCE into a Patrician family.
Although Caesar’s family were _________________, they were not wealthy by Roman
standards. They lived in a lower class neighborhood in a humble home.
His father was also named Gaius Julius Caesar and his mother’s name was
________________________.
He had two sisters both named ________________.
 Although little is known of his early life, Caesar grew up during a period of great turmoil in
the Roman Republic as the _______________ waged between Rome and its Italian allies.
 At ______________________, Julius’ father died and he became head of the family.
 He became Flamen Dialis, high priest of __________________.
 He married ________________ (daughter of Cinna, who controlled Rome at the time).
 As power shifted in Rome, Caesar was targeted and he was forced into hiding by
______________________. His uncle and father-in-law had already been murdered. Caesar
lost his fortune too.
 Thanks to efforts by his mother, Caesar was eventually allowed to return to Rome.
CAREER – THE BEGINNING
Julius Caesar chose not to return to Rome.
He instead joined the Roman military and served in _____________________.
Over the next two years, Julius served with distinction.
He returned to Rome once Sulla retired.
He worked as an _________________________ (public speaker).
He traveled to _________________ to study rhetoric and philosophy in 75 BCE.
KIDNAPPING
As Caesar crossed the Aegean Sea, he was kidnapped by _________________ pirates.
He felt the pirates were not demanding a high enough ___________________ for him.
He made them increase the amount from ______ gold talents to ________ gold talents.
Once the ransom was paid, Caesar organized a fleet and captured the pirates.
He had them _______________________.
RETURN TO ROME
After a campaign in Asia, Caesar returned to Rome and was elected
_____________________.
Next he was elected __________________________ in Rome and then Spain.
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His first wife died during this
period.
ENCOUNTER WITH THE GREAT
While in ______________, Caesar is said to have come upon a statue of Alexander the Great.
He was overcome with emotion and _________________________.
Alexander had conquered most of the known world by the time he was ___________.
Julius Caesar felt he had accomplished too little being the same age.
He asked to be relieved of his duties and he returned to Rome to enter politics as aedile,
where he improved public buildings and gained __________________ in Rome.
He was also married for the second time upon his return to ________________.
PONTIFEX MAXIMUS
Caesar beat out 2 other popular candidates to become _____________________.
The position gave Caesar great __________________ and ______________ authority.
Caesar bold decision to run for this position permanently placed him at the heart of Roman
politics.
FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
Caesar was elected consul but needed allies.
He formed a triumvirate (______________) with _______________ the Great and
______________________.
 Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus or Pompey was a great _________________ at the time.
Marcus Licinius Crass or Crassus was a former ____________ and a very wealthy individual.
Caesar needed Pompey’s military influence and Crassus’ wealth.
The three formed an informal ___________________.
Pompey married Caesar only daughter Julia to solidify the pact.
THE GALLIC WARS
Caesar became governor of Transalpine ______________ and _________________.
Caesar was not satisfied with merely governing.
He started the Gallic Wars and conquered most of what is now ________________from the
Atlantic to the Rhine River.
He annexed all these areas to Rome.
He even ventured to fight in ___________________.
Caesar is said to have conquered ________ cities controlled by over _____ different tribes.
Historian Plutarch’s account list 3 million killed in the battles and another 1 million sold into
slavery. Obviously these numbers are gross exaggerations.
Caesar had, however, successful conquered areas in size and with enough speed to rival
Alexander the Great.
AND THEN THERE WERE TWO
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Despite
Caesar’s military success, he was still very _______________ with his fellow
politicians in Rome. They feared he wanted to make himself ______________.
The triumvirate fell apart when _______________ is killed in military action.
Caesar tried to maintain his alliance with Pompey.
Unfortunately _____________ died, breaking both Caesar and Pompey’s hearts.
Pompey would break the alliance with Caesar and give his support to __________, Caesar’s
enemy. Pompey married his daughter.
CIVIL WAR IN THE REPUBLIC
Caesar is ordered by Pompey and the Senate to _________ his army and return to Rome.
He is also informed that he will not be allowed to run for _________________.
Caesar fears returning to Rome without the protection of his men.
Pompey charges him with ________________ and _____________________.
IACTA ALEA EST - “THE DIE IS CAST”
Caesar crosses the ______________ with one legion and ________ war begins January 10,
49 BCE.
Scipio and Cato the Younger escape to the south while Caesar attempts to follow Pompey.
When Caesar cannot reach Pompey he turns his attention to ____________________.
" I set forth to fight an army without a leader, so as later to fight a leader without an army."
Caesar leaves ___________ and ________________ in charge of Rome while he pursued
Pompey’s armies.
After a __________ day march to Hispania, Caesar defeated Pompey’s lieutenants.
Caesar will eventually defeat the rest Pompey’s in __________________.
Once elected dictator and then consul in Rome, Caesar will follow Pompey to
_____________________.
POMPEY’S HEAD ON A PLATTER
When Caesar arrived in Alexandria, King ________________ XIII offered him a gift –
Pompey’s head on a platter.
Caesar then became involved in a civil war between Ptolemy and his wife and sister Queen
______________________ VII.
THE LOVE AFFAIR
Caesar sided with Cleopatra, defeated her brother’s army and gave Cleopatra the throne.
Cleopatra gave birth to Caesar’s only son.
Caesar moved Cleopatra to a lavish estate in Rome.
The two never married because under Roman law marriage could only legally take place
between two ________________ families.
Although Caesar was married, his affair with Cleopatra lasted ______________ years.
Their relationship was very unpopular among the Romans.
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Many became
particularly offended when Caesar placed a __________________ of his lover
in the temple of Venus Genetrix.
VENI, VIDI, VINCIT
After leaving Egypt, Caesar went to the _______________________.
His forces annihilated those of King Pharnacus II in the Battle of _________________.
The victory was so fast and so complete that Caesar said “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – “I came, I saw, I
conquered”.
Caesar then quelled the last remnants of his enemies in various locations.
CAESAR IN POWER
Upon his return to Rome, great public ____________________ honored his victories.
He was named ________________________.
His authority now outreached that of the Senate.
An ________ statue of Caesar was erected with the inscription “To the invincible god”.
Caesar would become the first living man to have a Roman ___________ bare his likeness.
He commissioned the coins himself.
Many of Caesar’s commands and decisions infuriated the Senate.
Caesar bypassed traditional __________________, and appointed politicians himself.
He was given the title of consul for life.
Caesar could now hold any office he wanted, even those reserved for _____________.
During this time Caesar established the ________________ day Julian calendar.
Caesar maintained power and support by implementing fair laws and new public works
projects.
THE CONSPIRACY BEGINS
While Caesar’s lavish spending on public works please the Roman people, the
_____________ became enraged.
Caesar closest friend, ________________ was one such enraged senator.
When Caesar was elected as dictator for life, a plot to ____________ him was begun.
The aristocrats feared Caesar’s power and influence.
They feared his power would equate with the ____________ of the Republic.
THE ASSASSINATION – THE IDES OF MARCH
On _______________, 44 BCE, the conspirators against Caesar called him to the Senate.
60 or more men including Brutus stabbed Caesar on the steps of the Portico.
“Et tu Brute” (Shakespeare)
“You too, child?” (Suetonius)
No words , covered his head with a toga (Plutarch)
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