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Chapter 9 Notes
The High Middle Ages
Section 1
Growth of Royal Power in
England and France
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Nobles and the Church
– Had as much, or more, power as the monarch
– They had their own courts, collected own taxes, and
fielded own armies
Monarchs tried to centralize power
– Expand royal domain by setting up royal justice
system that undermined feudal or Church courts
– Organize government bureacracy, system of taxes,
and a standing army
– Strengthened ties with middle class who turned to
monarchs for peace and unity needed for trade
Strong Monarchs in England
During early Middle Ages Saxons, Anglos, and Vikings
invaded and settled in England
– Kept kingdoms united
– AD 1066 – King Edward died without an heir, his brother in law,
Harold was selected by noble council to rule; Duke William of
Normandy claimed the throne; led to war
Norman Conquest
– William, with support of the pope, sailed across English Channel
and defeated Harold at Battle of Hastings
– Crowned king of England on Christmas day, 1066
– Now called William the Conqueror
– William and his nobles were French but kept Anglo-Saxon
traditions that survived for 300 years
Strong Monarchs in England
Growth of Royal Power
– William granted fiefs to nobles
and the Church but kept large
holdings for himself
– Kept close eye on all lands
and castles built on lands;
required allegiances from all
vassals before any other
feudal lord
– Domesday Book – complete
census taken in 1086; listed
every castle, field, and pigpen,
in England; helped build and
efficient system of tax
collecting
– Exchequer -
Strong Monarchs in England
A Unified Legal System
– AD 1154 – Henry II takes the throne; broadened royal justice system
– Expanded accepted customs into new laws; sent out traveling justices
to enforce laws; became known as common law
– Jury –
Began as a way to determine which cases should come to trial; evolved into
trial jury of 12 neighbors of the accused
Conflict with the Church
– Henry claimed right to try clergy in royal courts; Thomas Becket,
archbishop of Canterbury, fiercely opposed king’s decision
– AD 1170 – 4 of Henry’s knights murdered Beckett in his own cathedral;
Beckett was looked upon as a martyr and declared a saint; people
began to experience miracles at his tomb
– Henry II did make an attempt to regulate the clergy
Evolving Traditions of English
Government
John’s Troubles
– King John I was Henry’s son; clever, greedy, and
untrustworthy ruler; his enemies were King Phillip II of
France, Pope Innocent III, and own English nobles
– Lost English held of lands of Anjou and Normandy to
King Phillip in war
– John rejected pope’s nominee for archbishop of
Canterbury; Pope Innocent excommunicated him,
then placed all of England under the interdict; John
gave in and had to accept England as a fief of the
papacy and pay yearly fee
Evolving Traditions of English
Government
The Magna Carta
– John ticked off his nobles by
raising taxes and abusing;
was cornered by his nobles in
1215 and forced to sign the
Magna Carta –
This document affirmed a
long list of feudal rights
– Recognized rights of
townspeople and the Church
“due process of law”
No taxation without
representation
Gave nobles certain rights
(eventually given to all
citizens)
The monarch must obey the
law
Evolving Traditions of English
Government
Development of the Parliament
– Originally called the Great Council; helped unify England
– AD 1295 – Edward I asked Parliament to approve money for
wars against France
– Parliament consisted of representatives of the “common people”,
which included 2 knights from each county and reps of the
towns; also included lords and clergy
– Later became a two-house body; House of Commons and
House of Lords
– Parliament gained “power of the purse”, the right to approve any
new taxes; could make monarch meet their demands before
voting on taxes (checking power of monarch)
Successful Monarchs in France
- French Monarchs differed from English because
they did not rule unified kingdoms
The Capetians
– AD 987 – nobles chose Hugh Capet to fill vacant
throne
– Capet and his heirs slowly increases royal power and
began tradition of passing throne from father to son;
Capetians had unbroken succession for 300 years
– Put rival lords against each other to gain land; won
support of the Church
– Built an effective bureaucracy to collect taxes and
imposed royal law over king’s domain; had support of
middle class
Successful Monarchs in France
Philip Augustus
– Philip II strengthened the royal
government
– Filled government positions by
paying middle class officials who
owed loyalty to him instead of
appointing nobles
– Granted charters to many towns,
built an army, and introduced new
national tax
– Quadrupled land holdings through
war and diplomacy by acquiring
Normandy, Anjou, and others;
sent knights to southern France to
suppress rebellion of the
Albigensian and given their land
by the pope
– By his death in 1223, he was the
most powerful ruler in Europe
Successful Monarchs in France
Louis IX, King and Saint
– AD 1226 – most admired
French ruler
Embodied ideal of the perfect
medieval monarch
Generous, noble, and
devoted to justice and
chivalry
– Very religious man;
persecuted Jews and led
thousands into wars against
the Muslims; was declared a
saint
– Sent out roving officials;
expanded royal courts,
outlawed private wars, ended
serfdom in his lands; even
ruled in some court cases
– Created a strong national
feeling among subjects;
France became an efficient
centralized monarchy
Successful Monarchs in France
Philip IV Clashes with the Pope
– Louis’ grandson, tried to extend royal power; tried to
raise taxes on clergy and ran into problems with Pope
Boniface VIII
– The pope told Philip he couldn’t tax the clergy, Philip
sent officials to arrest clergy that didn’t pay up and
eventually sent them to arrest Boniface; pope was
beaten up and died later
– Frenchman named pope; moved papal court to
Avignon; ensured French rulers would control religion
within own kingdoms
Successful Monarchs in France
The Estates General
– Set up in 1302 during clash with the pope;
had representatives from all three estates
Clergy
Nobles
Townspeople
– French kings used Estates General for
Consultation but never got power received by
Parliament
Section 3
Europeans Looking Outward
The World in 1050
Muslim world
– Stretched from Spain, N. Africa, Middle East, to India
India
– Thriving cities, Hinduism and Buddhism thrived; invented number
system
China
– Strong central govt; culture flourished influencing neighbors; invented
paper, printing, gunpowder; used coins and paper money (unknown to
Europe)
West Africa
– Gold trade flourished
The Americas
– Mayans and Incas thriving but had no contact with outside world
Byzantine Empire
– Generally prosperous; were overrun by Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor and
Palestine (Holy Land), attacked Christian pilgims.
Crusades
- The Byzantine emperor asked
the Roman pope for help
against the invading Turks
Motives
– Knights
God wills it!! (religious zeal)
Wealth and Land
Escape troubles at home
Adventure
– Pope
Increase power in Europe
Help heal the schism between
W. and E. Europe
Sent Christian knights to fight
against the Muslims and not
each other
Crusades
-lasted on and off for over 200 years
1st Crusade - 1096
– Looked to reclaim Jerusalem and the Holy from the Muslims
– After a long and bloody campaign, finally recaptured Jerusalem
in 1099; massacred Muslims and Jews
– Divided land into 4 sections; Muslims constantly tried to destroy
them leading to other crusades
– Was the only one that came close to achieving its goals
2nd Crusade
– 1187- Jerusalem falls to the able Muslim leader Salah al-Din, or
Saladin
Crusades
3rd Crusade
– Europeans tried but failed to recapture Jerusalem
– Saladin did allow Christian pilgrims back into city
– Also tried to take over Muslim lands in Northern Africa but were
defeated
4th Crusade - 1204
– Christians vs. Christians
– After helping Venetian merchants defeat Byzantine trade rivals,
crusaders captured and looted Constantinople, the Byzantine
capital
– 1291 – Muslims overran crusader states; captured last Christian
outpost, city of Acre. Remembering what happened 200 year
earlier in Jerusalem, they slaughtered all the Christians
Effects of the Crusades on Europe
-The Crusades left a bitter legacy of religious
hatred; massacres on both sides
Economic Expansion
– Increased trade
Introduced fabrics, spices, and perfumes from Middle East to
Europe
– Growth of money economy
To finance crusades, nobles needed money; allowed
peasants to pay rents in money rather than grain or labor;
helped undermine serfdom
Increased Power for Monarchs
– Rulers were able to levy taxes to support Crusades
– Added to their prestige
Effects of the Crusades on Europe
The Church
– During the Crusades, popes power was at its greatest
– Soon popes had clashes with feudal monarchs
– Did not heal the schism between Roman and
Byzantine churches
– Byzantine resentment of the West hardened after 4th
Crusade
Wider Worldview
– Made Europeans realize that millions of people lived
elsewhere in the world; wanted to visit exotic places
such as India and China (Marco Polo)
– Ultimately led to age of exploration during the
Renaissance
The Reconquista in Spain
- Spain’s campaign to drive the Muslims from their
lands became known as the Reconquista, or
“reconquest”
Christian Advances
– Began around AD 700 but first real success came
around 1085, with the capture of Toledo
– Lasted for another 200 years pushing steadily
southward
– By 1300, Christians reclaimed nearly all of former
lands.
– Muslim influence still remained in art and literature
The Reconquista in Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella
– Made final push to reclaim all lands and were
successful in 1492
– Impose unity (religious and political)
Religious toleration –
Isabella ended this policy and introduced the Inquisition
– Inquisition
Church court set up to try people accused of heresy
Launched a brutal crusade against Muslims and Jews
Were burned at the stake if they refused to convert
Killed or exiled more than 150,000 people; lost many skilled
and educated people
Section 4
Learning, Literature, and the
Arts
Medieval University
- As economic and political conditions improved, the need for
education expanded
Academic Guilds
– 1100’s – grew out of cathedrals to train the clergy
– Became the first universities
Student Life
–
–
–
–
Attended classes from 5 AM to 5 PM; little breaks for small meals
Were taught the Latin texts and were expected to memorize them
Took an oral exam when subject was mastered
Took 3 to 6 years to earn a degree
Women and Education
– Not allowed to attend the university; should pursue their “natural” gifts
– Christine de Pizan was the exception; see page 221
Europeans Acquire “New” Learning
- Relearned much from ancient Greece that was lost after the fall of
Rome
Spread of Learning
– Works of Greek philosophers reached the Muslim world.
– Set off a revolution of learning in the world.
Philosophy
– The teachings of Aristotle challenged the beliefs of the Church.
– He taught to learn through reason where the Church was based on
faith.
– Christian scholars attempted to resolve this conflict with Scholasticism
–
– Thomas Aquinas
Wrote Summa Theologica
He concluded that faith and reason existed in harmony
Helped bring Christian faith and classical Greek philosophy together
Europeans Acquire “New” Learning
Science and Mathematics
– Little progress because most scholars still
believed that all true knowledge must fit with
Church teachings
– Switching to Hindu-Arabic numerals led to
many extraordinary advances
Medieval Literature
Vernacular –
Epics –
Heroic Epics
– Song of Roland – praises courage of a knight who sacrificed his life
against the Muslims
– Poem of the Cid – involves battle against Muslims in Spain
Dante’s Divine Comedy
– an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory, where souls wait for
forgiveness; also describes vision of heaven
– Summarizes Christian ethics; a person’s actions in life will determine
their fate in the afterlife
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
– Follows a band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb.
– 5 characters tell stories that help give a picture of medieval life.
Architecture and Art
-served as symbols of wealth and
religious devotion
Romanesque Strength
– Solid stone churches
– Looked like fortresses with thick
walls and towers; no windows or
tiny slits; dark and gloomy
– Rounded arches
Gothic Grace
– Flying buttresses –
Key feature; allowed builders
to construct higher walls and
leave space for huge stainedglass windows
– Graceful spires, lofty ceilings,
enormous windows
– Pointed arches
Architecture and Art
Art in Stone and Glass
– Stonemasons created
sculptures for inside and
out; Bibles scenes or
mythical creatures
(dragons, griffins, unicorns)
– Stained-glass windows;
glowing colors of glass with
religious pictures
Illuminated Manuscripts
– Illumination –
– Bold, brilliant colors and
decorative detail
Section 5
A Time of Crisis
The Black Death
AD 1347- Genoese trading ships left for
Sicily; by mid-voyage, sailors were getting
sick and dying
The people in town began to get sick and
forced the ship to leave; Within months,
the disease Europeans called the Black
Death was raging through Italy
Widespread crop failure, plague, and wars
had people thinking the world was ending
The Black Death
A Global Epidemic
– Epidemic –
– Bubonic plague was a disease spread by fleas on rats; rat infestation
was a common thing throughout the world even in rich homes
– Originated in China killing 35 million
– Fleas jumped from those rats onto clothes and packs of traders
traveling west
– At its peak, killed 7,000 a day
Social Upheaval
– No way to stop the spread so people turned to other things (magic,
witchcraft, wild pleasures); they figured they would die anyway.
– Some thought it was God’s punishment; some blamed the Jews; many
Jews were slaughtered
– People completely alienated themselves even from family members
The Black Death
Economic Effects
– Inflation –
– As workers died, production declined
– Survivors demanded higher wages
– Farmers were forced off of land and moved to
towns looking for jobs
– Guilds restricted them from finding suitable
work; revolts and riots resulted
Upheaval in the Church
Divisions within the Catholic Church
– Papal Court was moved to Avignon, France
– Popes were removed from the sickness and still lived the lavish
life while parishioners suffered
– 1378 – reformers elected own pope to serve in Rome; French
cardinals selected a rival pope
– Created a schism in the church
New Heresies
– John Wycliffe and Jan Hus began challenging Church authority
– Said the Bible was source of all Christian truth, not the Church.
– Translated Bible into English so common people didn’t have to
rely on the clergy
The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
Series of conflicts between England
and France
Causes
– English kings tried to hold on to
French lands of ancestors
– French kings wanted to extend
own power in France
– Edward III of England claimed
French crown in 1337
– Economic rivalry and strong sense
of national pride
English Victories
– Dominated France early on with
use of longbow –
– six feet long; could dispense 3
arrows to the France’s one; could
pierce almost all armor
– Came close to bringing all of
France under its control
The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
Joan of Arc and French Victory
– 1429 – 17 year old peasant girl
appeared at the court of Charles
VII, uncrowned king of France.
– Said that God had sent her to
save France; persuaded Charles
to let her lead the French army
– Inspired the French people and
led them to several victories that
reinvigorated the army
– Was taken prisoner by the English
and tried for witchcraft; burned at
the stake; later declared a saint by
the Church
– The French rallied and took the
offensive; had reclaimed most of
France by 1453
The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
Effects
– The war created a growing sense of national
feeling in France
– In England, Parliament gained “power of
purse”; crushed rulers ideas of continental
empire; started looking overseas for trading
ventures
– Longbow and cannon changed warfare; made
armored knights and castles obsolete
– Changed feudal society; needed larger armies