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Chapter 8: The High and Late Middle Ages 1050 - 1450 Chapter 8, Section 1 Royal Power Grows Monarchs, Nobles and the Church During the Middle Ages, Nobles and the Church had as much power as monarchs During the High Middle Ages, the balance of power began to shift • Monarchs began to centralize power • Monarchs strengthened their ties with people in the towns to gain support English Kings Strengthen their Power 400 – 500s Anglo – Saxons conquered most of Britain This country became known as England A unified English kingdom emerged • 1066 King Edward died w/out an heir • A council of nobles chose Edward’s brother – in – law Harold to rule William of Normandy Conquers England William raised an army and had the backing of the pope and then decided to attack Harold Known as William the Conqueror, he became King of England on Christmas Day 1066 • Over the next 300 years, there was a blending of the French and Anglo Saxons Expanding Royal Power Since William conquered England he set out to impose control of his land William required all vassals to swear allegiance to him not feudal lords William had a complete census taken 1086 • He wrote a book describing his kingdom called Domesday Book (doomsday) Unified Legal System 1154 Henry II inherited the throne He sent out traveling justices to carry out the laws • These laws became the basis for English common law • Henry II also developed an early jury system • Juries would listen to cases and determine which ones would go to trial The Magna Carta Oppressive taxes by Monarchs angered many nobles In 1215, such nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta • Granted various rights Due process No taxation without reason and approval King must obey the law The Magna Carta Set a foundation for many future governments Established Parliament • House of Commons • House of Lords Established checks and balances This Legislative branch (Parliament) takes power away from the King Successful Monarchs in France Monarchs in France did not rule a unified kingdom like in England 987 nobles elected Hugh Capet to French throne Hugh and his heirs increased royal power • The Capetian (Capet) dynasty lasted 300 years • They collected taxes and imposed laws Philip Augustus Named king of France in 1179 Gave government positions to middle class citizens who owed loyalty to him Introduced a new national tax Became the most powerful ruler in Europe • Died in 1223 Clashing with the Pope As royal power grew, so do their conflicts with the church • Popes and monarchs tried to claim ultimate power • Monarchs wanted to tax all clergy, popes said they didn’t have to pay • Two different popes were elected (one in Rome, one in Avignon) Both claimed to be the true leader Review 1) What was the name of the document that King John was forced to sign? • • • • A B C D The The The The Declaration of Independence Magna Carta Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Herthum 2) Who was the King of France who gave government positions to citizens that showed loyalty? • A • B • C King Herthum King Charles King Philip Augustus Chapter 8, Section 2 The Holy Roman Empire and the Church The Holy Roman Empire After the long decline, as much of Europe was breaking up into feudal kingdoms, the area of present day Germany became known as the Holy Roman Empire. These rulers became known as Holy Roman Emperors • Crowned by the pope Emperors Struggle for Control German emperors claimed control over central and eastern Europe However, the vassals were actually the ones who were in control • The German emperors never seemed to be able to control their vassals Feud Between Pope and Emperor 1054 Henry IV crowned king of Germany (he later became Holy Roman Emperor) At this time, Gregory VII was pope Conflicts began to increase at this time between monarchs and the Church Feud Between Pope and Emperor Many people admired Gregory VII because of his Church reforms But…some of his policies brought hatred and contempt • He wanted to make the Church independent from any other rulers • He banned the practice of “lay investiture” Feud Between Pope and Emperor Lay Investiture Emperors or other “lay” persons (people who are not members of the clergy) invested or presented bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office • This was banned by Gregory VII • He said only the pope could appoint bishops Feud Between Pope and Emperor The ban on Lay Investiture angered Henry IV Henry IV felt entitled to give bishops symbols to hold office The two men would send insulting letters to each other • This feud heated up as the years went on Feud Between Pope and Emperor 1076 Gregory excommunicated Henry and wanted to name a new emperor However, Gregory was faced with revolts and had to lift the excommunication on Henry Henry quickly returned to Germany to stop the revolts Feud Between Pope and Emperor 1122 both sides accept a treaty over the investiture conflict Treaty stated the Church would declare bishops The emperor still could invest in the bishops (give them his support) but no appoint them Struggle for Italy Several German emperors wanted to control Italy during the 1100-1200s Frederick I worked for years to bring wealthy Italian cities under his control • They resisted this attempt by Frederick • Eventually Frederick II, grandson of Frederick I sought to do the same thing It never happened Church Power Reaches Height 1198 Pope Innocent III took office He claimed supremacy over all other rulers Innocent clashed with powerful people in his time and usually won • 1209 Aided by Philip II, Innocent launched a crusade against Southern France because they rejected his beliefs Chapter 8, Section 3 The Crusades and the Wider World The World in 1050 1050 Many parts of the World were thriving as Western Europe was coming out of isolation • Brilliant civilizations in Spain and Italy • India had several thriving cities • East Asia saw many expanding dynasties • Ghana was a trading empire in Africa The World in 1050 The Byzantine Empire was flourishing • This is closer to Western Europe The Americas in 1050 • Maya was thriving with cities and temples • Native Americans were building an empire in South America The Crusades Holy Land • Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire (around 1050) • Jerusalem was located in the Byzantine • This was the Holy Land of the Christians • Also to Muslims and Jews • At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II, called for a Crusade to take back the Holy Land Why did People Join? Main purpose was to regain the holy land. Many went for various reasons • Merchants saw a chance to make $$ • Debts cancelled • Heavenly reward…Crusaders went straight to heaven • Protection for family by church • Criminals freed • Nobles were looking for land • Adventure Results of Crusades Only the first Crusade came close to achieving its goal Christian Knights had captured Jerusalem in 1099 Crusades continued for 200 years • Lands were divided into 4 small states • 1187 Jerusalem fell to Muslims • Overall Not very successful Impact of Crusades Economic • Trade develops Foods Clothing Weapons Social • Middle class develops and was strengthened • Towns and cities develop more rapidly Political • Development of strong central governments Economic Impacts Reasons for decline in trade before the Crusades • • • • • • No money…barter system Manors were self sufficient Poor infrastructure Tolls to cross land Robbers and pirates Church laws Just price…no profits No usury…charging interest Economic Impacts Development of Market Economy • Land, labor, capital (factors of production) controlled by individuals Capital…wealth…using money to make profits • People began to invest Ship building Trade voyages Labor…manufacturing Land…resources Social Changes Growth of towns and cities • Towns won independence from nobles Charters of liberties Freedom from serfdom Exempt from manor work Town justice Right to trade Occupations • Rise of Middle Class Social Changes Occupations • Merchants Guild Monopolies on trade Loaned money to members Offered protection • Craft Guild Made up of skilled craftsman • Apprentice (3-12 years…no wages) • Journeyman (skilled and paid) • Master craftsman Set prices; disciplined workers; set work hours, conditions, and wages Effects of Crusades Immediate Effects Population growth End of feudalism Centralized monarchies Growth of Italian trading Centers Increased productivity Long-Term Effects Renaissance Age of Exploration Scientific Revolution Western European colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas The Reconquista Spain initiated a crusade of its own kind against the Muslims in Spain Much of Spain had been occupied by Muslims during the Middle Ages The Reconquista was the crusade to push them out • Reconquista AKA “Reconquest” Christians Conquer Spain Ferdinand and Isabella (leaders of separate regions) married and made a final push towards the Muslims in Spain • They were able to move Muslims off the Iberian Peninsula • With the establishment of the Inquisition, they removed religious toleration, and persecuted Jews and Muslims in Spain • Inquisition Church court set up to try people accused of heresy Review Which of the following was not an effect of the Crusades on Europe? a) b) c) d) increased religious tolerance growth of a money economy curiosity about the world an increase in the power of feudal monarchs After the Reconquista, Jews and Muslims in Spain a) won important government positions. b) were persecuted. c) were forced to convert to Christianity. d) were allowed to continue to worship as they pleased. Chapter 8, Section 4 Learning and Culture Flourish Medieval Universities Emerge As conditions improved, the need for education grew • The church wanted better educated clergy Leaders wanted well educated future leaders Universities sprang up that were actually academic guilds • Universities would specialize in courses of study Benefit members in the same way as guilds Education Lifestyle Life was rigorous at the universities • Classes began early • Sat on hard benches for hours • Students were expected to remember what was dictated to them • Exams were given orally Women and Education Women were not allowed to attend universities Therefore, they could not become doctors, lawyers, or church officials However, some women had the chance to become educated • Some received education from convents • Girls from noble families attended classes in the French capital Science, Math, Literature Science advanced little...conflicts with church teaching Math...many advances from Greeks and Muslims • Euclid’s geometry • Number system...no more Roman numerals Literature...writing in vernacular (everyday language) Architecture and Art •Concentrated on cathedrals to show religious devotion •Introduction of Gothic style •Away from straight stone walls with slits •Used flying buttresses as supports •Carved statues…Stained glass Architecture and Art Stained glass was used to beautify the church and portray biblical stories or beliefs Chapter 8, Section 5 A Time of Crisis The Black Death Broke out in China Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population (about 25 million) Caused by rat fleas...rats were common in the streets Towns were unsanitary and conditions spread easily • Also called the “Plague” Normal Life Breaks Down Brought terror and confusion to people in Europe • People did not know how to stop the disease • Some people turned to magic and witchcraft for cures Some blamed Jews • Others tortured themselves or family members in an attempt to beat the plague out of them The Economy Suffers Economic Decline • Farm and industrial production declined due to a loss of labor • Demanded higher wages and prices rose • Guilds stopped accepting members • Landowners and merchants pushed for laws to limit wages • These issues led to revolts by peasants in England, Germany, France, etc. Upheaval in the Church The Church Splits • 1309 Pope Clement V moved the Church court to Southern France • 1378 reformers elected their own new leader (this caused the split) Responding to New Heresies • The church began persecuting and burning people that had ideas contrary to the church The Hundred Years’ War France and England started to gain pride • Nationalism • They fought a long war over lands English were winning easily until Joan of Arc arrived • 17 year old peasant who claimed she was sent by God to save France • France rallied around her and began to advance • She was captured by the English and tried for witchcraft (burned at the stake) The Hundred Years’ War French pride grew and they pushed England out of France 100 years war contributed: • Longbow (England) • Cannon (France) As a result of these weapons, armor lost its importance and castles were not as strong Impact of Hundred Years’ War Society was changing Monarchs needed large armies to fight wars • This caused them to hire more and more soldiers to fight for them • These changes led to increased trade • Italian cities flourished as trading centers Review 1) The Black Death killed how many people in Europe? • • • • A B C D 25 million 50 million 2 million 100 million 2) The Hundred Years’ War was fought between which two countries? • • • • A B C D France and Spain France and England Spain and England Spain and Italy