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How did monarchs in England and France expand royal authority and lay the foundations for united nation-states? Section 1 ROYAL POWER GROWS • During the High Middle Ages, monarchs began to centralize power and were supported by townspeople who wanted peace and unity. • With the coronation of King John, the power of the monarch was diminished. He lost battles with France, the Church, and nobles, who forced him to sign the Magna Carta. What is it? • A “great charter” that would shape the future of English government. What does it say? 1. Nobles had certain rights; would eventually include all English citizens. 2. The monarch must obey the law. 3. Gave due process of law – protecting freemen from arrest or imprisonment without the legal judgment of peers or law of the land. 4. Habeas Corpus – no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a crime. 5. Power of the Purse. Taxes could not be raised without consent of Great Council, lords, and clergy. • The Capetians made the throne hereditary and ruled for 300 years. • They established order and gained the support of the middle class. • Philip Augustus extended the power of the French throne and expanded the kingdom. • Philip IV won widespread support when he set up the advisory body called the Estates General, which was made up of representatives from all classes of French society. What is it? • The Great Council would evolve into Parliament, which would become England’s legislature. Section 2 THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE & THE CHURCH How did explosive conflicts between monarchs and popes affect the balance of power in Europe? • Otto I became the first Holy Roman emperor when the pope crowned him as thanks for his support. • The Holy Roman emperors never truly controlled their vassals and often fought with the Church over the power to appoint bishops and abbots. • Holy Roman emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII struggled over the practice of lay investiture (the appointment of bishops by emperors). • Until they accepted the treaty called the Concordat of Worms, granting the church the power to appoint bishops and emperor the power to grant fiefs. • During the 1100s and 1200s, German emperors, such as Frederick Barbarosa and his grandson Frederick II, tried to take control of Italy against the wishes of the Church. Beginning with Innocent III, popes began to claim supremacy over all other rulers. They used the powers of excommunication and interdiction to gain the upper hand. Section 3 THE CRUSADES AND THE WIDER WORLD How did the Crusades change life in Europe and beyond? • Many civilizations had been established around the world, but Europeans knew little about them. • In the 1050s the Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine empire and came to control the Holy Land, Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus lived and preached. • Where Europe’s Christians had made pilgrimages. What are the Crusades? The Christian attempt to reclaim the Holy Lands from Muslim Turks. 1. 2. 3. 4. How did the Crusades come about? Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asks Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help fight the Muslim Turks. Pope Urban II wants to unite Europe and have the Byzantine Empire acknowledge him as pope. He says “sure” and “let’s liberate (free) Jerusalem while we are at it.” At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II calls bishops and nobles for war as “God wills it!” Fast Facts about the Crusades • Lasted 200 years • 4 main ones. 9 in all The First Crusade (1095-1099): • The most successful. Took control of Jerusalem driving out the Turks and massacring Muslims and Jewish residents of the city. The Second Crusade (1147-1149): • Unsuccessful. In 1146, the city of Edessa was conquered by the Turks. The entire population was killed or sold into slavery. The Third Crusade (1187-1192): • Saladin, the sultan of Egypt, recaptured the city of Jerusalem from the Christians. The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204): • Formed by Pope Innocent III. Crusaders got sidetracked and greedy and ended up conquering and plundering Constantinople instead. Our traditional perception of the Crusades as European Colonization thinly veiled in religion isn't quite right. John covers the First through the Fourth Crusades, telling you which were successful, which were well-intentioned yet ultimately destructive, and which were just plain crazy. While this story is charming, it turns out to be complete and utter hooey. Did the Crusades achieve its goal? No, the Crusades did not secure the Holy Lands nor end the split between the Byzantine and Roman Empires. What the Crusades Accomplished 1. Economic Expansion • Crusaders brought back goods from the East that increased trade. 2. Increased Power of Monarchs and Papacy 3. Inspired Exploration • Contact with the Muslim world inspired explorers like Marco Polo. What is it? A campaign by several tiny Christian kingdoms to take Iberian Peninsula back from Muslims. Impact on Non-Christians • • • Isabella wanted Spain united religiously. Jews and Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity. If found guilty by the Inquisition (a church court) of practicing their religions, they could be put to death. Section 5 A TIME OF CRISIS How did the combination of plague, upheaval in the Church, and war affect Europe in the 1300s and 1400s? What is it? A bubonic plague spread by fleas carried by rats that raged through Europe killing 1 in 3 people. Origin of the Plague • Started in Asia from the conquests by the Mongols. • Their conquests set off an epidemic, or outbreak of the disease. • Rats carrying the disease infested homes, clothes, ships, and entire towns. • Over 35 million die across Chinese cities. Spread of the Disease in Europe • Trade brings plague to Italy. • A year later it reaches Spain and France. • 1 in 3 people across Europe die. • Social unrest leads to revolts. Effect on European Society 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Terror, confusion, & chaos People began to indulge assuming they were going to die Many felt the plaque was religious punishment Lack of Social Interaction Jews blamed for intentionally starting disease; slaughtered by Christians. 6. Workers die, production declines, cost of labor increases, demand for higher wages, and inflation of prices. • The church was unable to answer the questions or fill the needs of its members during the Black Death. • In 1309, Pope Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon in France. Later, reformers elected another pope to rule from Rome. • Popular preachers such as John Wycliffe taught that the bible and not the Church held the truth, and his followers began translating the Bible for everyone to read. • England and France fought a series of conflicts between 1337 and 1453 over French lands that both states claimed and over control of the English Channel and regional trade. • Joan of Arc helped to turn the tide for France. In England, the war gave power and prominence to Parliament, which had to fund it. Battles and Land Holdings The longbow secures early English victories, but the cannon used by the French turned the tide in the war. Impact of the War France 1. Joan of Arc’s death at the stake made her a martyr and inspired the French victory. 2. Nationalism 3. French monarchs grow stronger England 1. Parliament gains “power of the purse.” 2. Loss of land = new overseas trade Overall 1. New firepower eliminates castles and knights 2. Population expansion 3. Increased trade and manufacturing 4. New technologies Bio William the Conqueror, the daring and deadly French duke who crushed his English enemies and crowned himself king. Stats • Circa: 1066 • Age: 38 • Height: 5'10" • Weight: 212 Lbs Weapons • Short Range: Norman Broadsword • Medium Range: Crossbow • Long Range: Torsion Catapult • Armor: Chainmail Hauberk • Tactics: Feigned Retreat Bio Joan of Arc, the teenaged French fighter whose battlefield heroics defeated England's superior army, and ended the Hundred Years War; Stats • Circa: 1429 • Age: 17 • Height: 5‘4" • Weight: 125 Lbs Weapons • Short Range: French Arming Sword • Medium Range: Steel Crossbow • Long Range: Siege Cannon • Armor: Plate Armor • Tactics: Audacity